It is obvious that since this machinery is dominated by a political party, it will be impossible to understand the Russian plans, without understanding that particular political party's estimate of the situation in general.It is obvious that the Communist plans for Russia must be largely affected by their view of Europe as a whole.This view is gloomy in the extreme.The Communists believe that Europe is steadily shaking itself to pieces.They believe that this process has already gone so far that, even given good will on the part of European Governments, the manufacturers of Western countries are already incapable of supplying them with all the things which Russia was importing before the war, still less make up the enormous arrears which have resulted from six years of blockade.They do not agree with M.Clemenceau that "revolution is a disease attacking defeated countries only." Or, to put it as I have heard it stated in Moscow, they believe that President Wilson's aspiration towardsa peace in which should be neither conqueror nor conquered has been at least partially realized in the sense that every country ended the struggle economically defeated, with the possible exception of America, whose signature, after all, is still to be ratified.They believe that even in seemingly prosperous countries the seeds of economic disaster are already fertilized.They think that the demands of labor will become greater and more difficult to fulfill until at last they become incompatible with a continuance of the capitalist system.They think that strike after strike, irrespective of whether it is successful or not, will gradually widen the cracks and flaws already apparent in the damaged economic structure of Western Europe.They believe that conflicting interests will involve our nations in new national wars, and that each of these will deepen the cleavage between capital and labor.They think that even if exhaustion makes mutual warfare on a large scale impossible, these conflicting interests will produce such economic conflicts, such refusals of cooperation, as will turn exhaustion to despair.They believe, to put it briefly, that Russia has passed through the worst stages of a process to which every country in Europe will be submitted in turn byits desperate and embittered inhabitants.We may disagree with them, but we shall not understand them if we refuse to take that belief into account.If, as they imagine, the next five years are to be years of disturbance and growing resolution, Russia will get very little from abroad.If, for example, there is to be a serious struggle in England, Russia will get practically nothing.They not only believe that these things are going to be, but make the logical deductions as to the effect of such disturbances on their own chances of importing what they need.For example, Lenin said to me that "the shock of revolution in England would ensure the final defeat of capitalism," but he said at the same time that it would be felt at once throughout the world and cause such reverberations as would paralyze industry everywhere.And that is why, although Russia is an agricultural country, the Communist plans for her reconstruction are concerned first of all not with agriculture, but with industry.In their schemes for the future of the world, Russia's part is that of a gigantic farm, but in their schemes for the immediate future of Russia, their eyes arefixed continually on the nearer object of ****** her so far self-supporting that, even if Western Europe is unable to help them, they may be able to crawl out of their economic difficulties, as Krassin put it to me before he left Moscow, "if necessary on all fours, but somehow or other, crawl out."Some idea of the larger ambitions of the Communists with regard to the development of Russia are given in a conversation with Rykov, which follows this chapter.The most important characteristic of them is that they are ambitions which cannot but find an echo in Russians of any kind, quite regardless of their political convictions.The old anomalies of Russian industry, for example, the distances of the industrial districts from their sources of fuel and raw material are to be done away with.These anomalies were largely due to historical accidents, such as the caprice of Peter the Great, and not to any economic reasons.The revolution, destructive as it has been, has at least cleaned the slate and made it possible, if it is possible to rebuild at all, to rebuild Russia on foundations laid by common sense.It may be said that the Communists are merely doing flamboyantly and with a lot of flag-waving,what any other Russian Government would be doing in their place.And without the flamboyance and the flag-waving, it is doubtful whether in an exhausted country, it would be possible to get anything done at all.The result of this is that in their work of economic reconstruction the Communists get the support of most of the best engineers and other technicians in the country, men who take no interest whatsoever in the ideas of Karl Marx, but have a professional interest in doing the best they can with their knowledge, and a patriotic satisfaction in using that knowledge for Russia.These men, caring not at all about Communism, want to make Russia once more a comfortably habitable place, no matter under what Government.Their attitude is precisely comparable to that of the officers of the old army who have contributed so much to the success of the new.These officers were not Communists, but they disliked civil war, and fought to put an end of it.As Sergei Kamenev, the Commander- in-Chief, and not a Communist, said to me, "I have not looked on the civil war as on a struggle between two political ideas, for the Whites have no definite idea.I have considered it simply as a struggle between theRussian Government and a number of mutineers." Precisely so do these "bourgeois" technicians now working throughout Russia regard the task before them.It will be small satisfaction to them if famine makes the position of any Government impossible.For them the struggle is quite simply a struggle between Russia and the economic forces tending towards a complete collapse of civilization.
