书城社会科学国家兴衰的传播动力机制研究
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第29章 传播与国家认同(5)

安德森敏锐地观察到“民族主义的想象”是“如此关切死亡与不朽”(2005:9),大概是源自于“死亡”是“一切宿命之中最终极的宿命”。那么,在南北战争中,考察以国家为主体进行的悼念仪式,则会帮助我们理解传播与国家认同之间的密切关系。

其实,在南北战争期间,就出现了以国家名义举行的悼念活动和纪念仪式,这些仪式对于建构国家认同具有重要的意义,特别是在仪式上的演说经过广泛传播后,不仅在当时激励了将士们在前线奋战,也成为影响长远的、体现美国国家理念的经典文本。其中,最为著名的是林肯在葛底斯堡的演讲。在此,从传播学的视角进行解释和分析。

发生在1863年7月1日至7月3日的葛底斯堡战役(Battle of Gettysburg),是南北战争中伤亡最惨重的战役。联邦军的乔治·米德(George Gordon Meade)少将率波多马克军团抵挡由南方邦联军的罗伯特·李(Robert Edward Lee)将军所部北弗吉尼亚军团的进攻,获得决定性胜利。战斗结束后,联邦军和南方邦联军共有5.7万多人受伤、死亡、被俘或失踪,大约有8000人死在战场上,同时战死的还有3000多匹马。之后,葛底斯堡的一块土地被辟为军人墓地。4个多月后,1863年11月19日林肯在葛底斯堡军人公墓落成典礼及祭奠仪式上发表了一段非常简短但却广为传颂的演说,为这场战争赋予了深远的意义。下面就发掘一些历史资料来研究这一完整的仪式过程,以此作为一个范例管窥传播对于国家认同的影响。

根据弗吉尼亚大学图书馆的电子资料,笔者检索到当时的一份报纸对当天所有仪式议程的详细报道该报纸是:Franklin Repository(Franklin County's Republican Newspaper),1863年11月25日出版。这篇综合报道的题目:《为纪念人类自由的烈士:葛底斯堡英雄般赴死!葛底斯堡国家公墓献词》(In Memoriam.The Martyrs Of Human Freedom:The Heroic Dead Of Gettysburg!Dedication Of The National Cemetery At Gettysburg),根据这份Franklin Repository报纸的报道,林肯在前一天坐火车到葛底斯堡并住下,当天骑马到现场。报纸还对当天的天气做了一番描述,说天公真是顺意吉利其英文原文是:The weather was in every way propitious.,早上天空晴朗无云,到游行做准备活动的时候,则有些潮湿,短时间内有乌云,似乎有雨意,但真正游行时,天空又晴朗了。

整个仪式的主要时间实际上是用在正式仪式前的有大约1.5万人参加的群众集会游行,还有仪式中的著名演说家爱德华·艾佛瑞特(Edward Everett)的2小时的主题演讲。林肯的演讲只有非常短的两三分钟,主要是就前面的主题演讲做精彩的点评。事实上,林肯对其演讲稿进行了认真的准备,草稿在先前就完成了,在到葛底斯堡后,还做了润色修改。艾佛瑞特的演讲太长,报纸注明要在下周发表,这是一张周报;而林肯的演讲则全文发表。辑录如下:

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new Nation,conceived in Liberty,and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.[Applause.]

Now we are engaged in a great civil war,testing whether that Nation or any Nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure.We are met on a great battle-field of that war.We are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting-place of those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate,we cannot hallow this ground.The brave men living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract.[Applause.]It is for us,the living,rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work that they have thus far so nobly carried on.[Applause.]It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us,that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion;that we here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died in vain[applause];that the nation shall,under God,have a new birth of freedom;and that governments of the people,by the people and for the people,shall not perish from the earth.[Long continued applause.]