书城外语英语情景应用语法教程
7560800000014

第14章 被动语态 The Passive Voice

亲爱的同学们,在生活中被动语态无处不在,并且在很多时候,被动语态比主动语态更能准确地传达出我们的想法。但是,有很多同学就是栽在了这一“被”字(一辈子)上。那么,在这一单元,我们将系统地学习被动语态的构成和用法,你准备好了吗?

OK, let"s go!

13.1被动语态的基本用法

当谓语表示一个动作时,主语和它可以有两种不同的关系,即主动关系或被动关系。

主动关系 被动关系

They treated him well.He was well treated.

他们待他很好。 他受到很好的对待。

在表示主动关系时(即主语为动作的执行者时),谓语的形式称为主动语态(Active Voice);在表示被动关系时(即主语为动作的承受者时),谓语要用另一种形式,称为被动语态(Passive Voice)。在被动结构的句子中,动作执行者可以由介词by 引起的短语表示。

被动语态由助动词be 加过去分词构成,时态通过be 表现出来,即:

be+Past Participle各个时态的被动形式如下。

(1)一般现在时,例如:

History is made by the people.

历史是人民创造的。

You"re wanted on the phone.

有人给你打电话。

(2)一般过去时,例如:

The conference was held in August.

这次会议是八月召开的。

When was the building completed?

这座大楼是什么时候建成的?

(3)一般将来时,例如:

You won"t be allowed to take so much luggage with you.

不会让你带这么多行李的。

What materials will be needed in the work?

工作中需要什么材料?

(4)现在进行时和过去进行时,例如:

A new railway is being built.

一条新铁路正在修建。

This road was being widened.

路那时正在加宽。

(5)现在完成时和过去完成时,例如:

The book has been translated into many languages.

这本书已被译成多种语言。

Production costs had been greatly reduced.

生产成本早已大大降低了。

Dialogue & Analysis(此处有视频学习资料)

M: I wasn"t invited, I wish I didn"t disturb you.[过去时:主语+was (were) +过去分词+by+动作或行为的执行者。]

W: Absolutely not.Excuse the mess, the house is being painted.[现在进行时:主语+am/is/are +being+过去分词+by+动作或行为的执行者。]

M: What makes you paint the house?

W: We are going to have a party here.Some old friends of mine will be invited by me.[将来时:主语+shall (will) +be+过去分词+by+动作或行为的执行者。]

M: This house must have a long history.So it is difficult to paint.

W: The house had been built by my grandfather by 1960.[过去完成时:主语+had+been+过去分词+by+动作或行为的执行者。]

W: It is not an easy job.But everything will have been done by the end of the week.[将来完成时:主语+shall(will)+have+ been+过去分词+by+动作或行为的执行者。]

M: House painting is always done by me at home.(现在时:主语+am/is/are+过去分词+by+动作或行为的执行者。)I would like to help you if you need.

W: Oh, great.Take this.

(After a while)

W: OK, let"s go.I will treat you to dinner!

M: Oh, that"s great!

W: Where is the door?

M: Oh, it is terrible!

W: You have painted the door!

Task 1

用正确的动词时态把下列句子补充完整。

1.The building (build) last year.(一般过去时的被动语态形式)

2.The Olympic Games (hold) every four years.(一般现在时的被动语态形式)

3.The project (discuss) at the meeting now.(现在进行时的被动语态形式)

4.Her new book (publish) next month.(一般将来时的被动语态形式)

5.Your room (not clean) yet.(现在完成时的被动语态形式)

6.She said the report (type) by her secretary for two weeks.(过去完成时的被动语态形式)

7.Miss Li said the composition (give) to the students the next morning.(过去将来时的被动语态形式)

8.By the end of next term two thousand English words (learn).(将来完成时的被动语态形式)

13.2使用被动语态的几种情况

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁(这时都不带由by 引起的短语)。例如:

Such books are written for children.

这种书是为儿童写的。

When will the road be opened to traffic?

这条路什么时候通车?

(2)动作的承受者是谈话的中心(这时可带由by 引起的短语)。例如:

The store is run by the trade union.

这家商店是工会办的。

The song was composed by a student.

这首歌曲是一个学生谱写的。

(3)出于礼貌措辞等方面的考虑不愿意说出动作的执行者是谁。例如:

You are requested to give a performance.

请你给我们表演一个节目。

It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.

这样做一般认为是不妥当的。

(4)被动结构能使句子得到更好的安排。例如:

He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.

他在台上出现,观众给予热烈鼓掌。

They are going to build an apartment house here next year.It is going to be built right beside the Office Building.

我们明年在这里要修建一座住宅楼,就修在办公楼旁边。(如果两句都用“they”作主语就会显得呆板。)

The plan was especially supported by those who wished to have more chance to speak English.

这个计划特别受到愿多有机会说英语的人的支持。(如果用“those”作主语,主语和谓语的距离就会太远。)

(5)主动形式表被动的意义。

① 系动词:look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, prove, become, get。例如:

The steel feels cold.

His plan proved (to be) practical.

② 表示某种属性特征的动词:read, write, act, cut, draw, sell, wash, wear, open。例如:

Nylon cleans easily.

尼龙容易洗干净。

The coat dries easily.

这种外衣容易干。

Dialogue & Analysis(此处有视频学习资料)

W: It is no fun standing here.What shall we do next? Suggestions will be heartily appreciated.(为使语气委婉,有意不说出动作“appreciate”的发出者时用被动语态。)

M1: Tom, when were you born?

M2: I was born in 1979.(不知道或不用指明动作“bear”的发出者时用被动语态。)

M1: You are two years older than I am.You say first.

M2: Let"s go to the observatory.

M1: What for?

M2: To learn about the origin of universe.

M1: The origin of the universe will never be explained.(不知道或不必指明动作“explain”

的发出者时用被动语态。)

W: Peter is right.The plan was canceled.(要强调或者突出动作“cancel”的承受者时用被动语态。)Let"s go to see a new movie.

M2: What is the movie about?

W: It is about a king who loved his people and was loved by them.(为了修辞的需要,避免变换主语或主语过长时用被动语态。)

M1: No big fun.

M2: No big fun.

W: Peter, do you have any good suggestion?

M1: Yes.Let"s look at a picture together.The picture was drawn by my cousin.(“was drawn”为“be+过去分词”结构,是被动语态,表动作。)W: The picture is well drawn.(“is drawn”为“系动词+表语”结构,表主语的特征或状态。)

Task 2

按要求翻译下列句子。

类型1: 不知道动作的执行者,或是不必要提出执行者时,使用被动语态。

造纸术是由中国传入欧洲的。

类型2: 出于礼貌避免说出动作的执行者时,使用被动语态。

怎么能联系上你?

类型 3:被动语态有时可用“get+过去分词”结构来表示,强调动作的结果。

我计划夏天结婚。

类型4: 不及物动词或不及物短语动词没有被动语态,如 happen(发生),take place(发生),come about(发生),break out(爆发),appear(出现),disappear(消失),last(持续),arise(出现,发生),break down(中途抛锚)等。

他拐向另一条街,然后就消失了。

这个地方在过去20 年间发生了巨大的变化。

类型5: 某些连系动词用主动表被动:一些感官动词,如look(看上去),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),feel(摸上去),smell(闻起来)等,用主动语态表示被动意义。

花闻起来很香。

他的理论被证明是正确的。

类型6: 一些由及物动词转换为不及物动词的词,如sell(销售),wash(洗),burn(燃烧)等,当它们与well,easily 等副词连用时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义,说明主语的某种属性(特征、性质或状态等)。

那本书很畅销。

我的上衣很容易洗。

13.3特殊的被动结构

除了上面谈及的被动结构,被动语态还有下面两类特殊结构。

(1)带情态动词的被动结构。例如:

In this sense, bad things can be turned into good things.

从这一点上来说,坏事也可以转换成好事。

This instrument must be handled with great care.

这种仪器操作要非常细心。

(2)带不定式的被动结构。例如:

The whole plan has to be revised.

整个计划都得修改。

These debts will have to be paid.

这些债务是不得不偿还的。

除了单一的及物动词可用于被动结构外,一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可用于被动结构。常可这样用的短语动词有下面几类。

① 动词+介词,例如:

Has the doctor been sent for?

去请大夫了吗?

Such a thing has never been heard of before.

这种事从未听说过。

② 动词+副词,例如:

The idea was put forward by Lao Yang.

这个主意是老杨提出来的。

He was brought up by his aunt.

他是他姑给带大的。

③ 其他短语动词,例如:

The children are well taken care of in the nurseries.

孩子们在托儿所受到很好的照顾。

Such people are looked down upon in society.

这种人在社会上是被人看不起的。

13.4被动语态与系表结构的区别

(1)从过去分词的功能上来讲,被动语态中的过去分词是动词,多强调动作;系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,说明主语的特点、性质或状态。前者通常可用“by +人”或“by+抽象名词”表动作的执行者,而后者则不用,有时也间或使用“by+物”的形式。例如:

She was not badly injured but she could not speak.(系表结构)

She was injured by a wild horse.(被动结构)

The tree was uprooted when we saw it.(系表结构)

The tree was uprooted by the wind.(被动结构)

(2)从过去分词的修饰语来看,系表结构中的过去分词可被very, too, so 来修饰,被动语态中的过去分词多用much, so much, very much 等来修饰。例如:

He was very agitated.(系表结构)

He was much agitated by the news.(被动结构)

The man was too frightened to stand up.(系表结构)

(3)从修饰的过去分词本身的形式而言,一般地,以不规则形式的分词或-ed 结尾的分词构成被动语态,以-en 结尾的分词构成系表结构。例如:

Father was clean shaven.(系表结构)

Father gets shaved every other day.(被动结构)

She was stricken with fever.(系表结构)

She was struck by a snake.(被动结构)

(4)从谓语动词的特征上来讲,“be+不及物动词的过去分词”通常是系表结构,如 begone, be learned, be ashamed 等,这些动词通常是表示状态、智力活动或心态的动词;“be +延续性动词的过去分词”通常是被动语态,如be loved, be encouraged, be praised 等。例如:

She is too reserved to become a ballet dancer.(系表结构)

The little girl is beloved by her parents.(被动结构)

The way was lost between the trees.(系表结构)

We students are encouraged to take the Public English Test.(被动结构)

(5)从时态特征上分析,系表结构没有进行时态,一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时这四种时态,而被动语态的时态范围较广。例如:

The composition has been written.(系表结构)

The composition is being written.(被动语态)

The house seemed occupied.(系表结构)

The house is being occupied by a group of teenagers.(被动语态)

(6)“地点主语+be+表示占据、充满意义的过去分词+with”为系表结构,常用的这类动词有overgrown, packed, crowded, overrun, overcrowded, dotted, marked, stained, filled, stuffed,jammed, loaded, coated, decorated, ornamented, spotted, splashed, sprinkled, crowned, piled,heaped, sheeted, littered 等。例如:

The Fuji mountain was crowned with heavy snow.

The meeting room is now decorated with colorful papers and balloons.

Dialogue & Analysis(此处有视频学习资料)

Sentence 1: All the criminals got shot in the crossfire.(“主语+get+过去分词”在多数情况下不接by+动作或行为的执行者。)

Sentence 2: Serve them right! Your vice has to be paid for.(带有不定词的被动结构。)

Sentence 3: The man hasn"t had his fingernails cut for ten years.[have 无被动语态,但可用于“主语+have(or get)+动作或行为的承受者+过去分词”的结构,表示动作或行为的承受者被……,多用于叫人或雇人做某事。]

Sentence 4: This has never been heard of before.(“动词+介词或动词+副词”用于被动结构时,动词之后的介词或副词不可拆开或丢掉。)

Sentence 5: Your coffee smells great.(对于有些连系动词,如fell, prove, smell, sound,taste 等,若主词指事物时,用主动形式表被动意义。)

Sentence 6: Want to drink? If only you can enter.The key is in the room.The door blewshut.[可用于“主语+动词+主语补语(形容词或过去分词)”结构的不及物动词,如blow, wear 等,用主动形式表被动意义。]

Sentence 7: I have no key at hand.The door won"t open.(不及物动词,如lock, move,open, shut 等与can"t, won"t 连用而主语又指物时,用主动形式表被动意义。)

Sentence 8: I see, it is only a piece of cake.

R ole Play

Watch the video one more time, try to imitate the dialogue with your partners, and then, show your performance to your classmates.

选择题。

1.The new suspension bridge by the end of last month.

A.has been designed

B.had been designed

C.was designed

D.would be designed

2.- David and Vicky married?

- For about three years.

A.How long were;being

B.How long have;got

C.How long have;been

D.How long did;get

3.Rainforests and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.

A.cut

B.are cut

C.are being cut

D.had been cut

4.My uncle until he was forty-five.

A.married

B.didn"t marry

C.was not marrying

D.would marry

5.When and where to go for the on-salary holiday yet.

A.are not decided

B.have not been decided

C.is not being decided

D.has not been decided

6.blood if you can and many lives will be saved.

A.Giving

B.Give C.Given

D.To give

7.- Put these glasses away before they .

- OK.I"ll put them in the cupboard.

A.have broken

B.are breaking

C.get broken

D.will be broken

Fun Time

老师,您这一“被”字(一辈子)真害人

有一天,一英语老师在课堂里给他的学生出了下面这样两道完成句子的题目:

(1)I knew that the price of pork (降了价).(bring down)

(2)At last this book (被出版了).(come out)

大家知道:第一道题的正确答案应该为:had been brought down。虽然这道题目的汉语提示中没有“被”字,但我们却应该采用被动语态的形式来完成句子,因为bring down是个及物动词词组。

第二道题的正确答案应该是came out,而不是was come out。这是因为:虽然汉语提示中有个“被”字,但come out 是个不及物动词词组,所以它不能用于被动语态。

当英语老师发现很多同学做这两道题都犯了语态方面的错误时,他似乎有点儿得意。

他说:“没想到我这两道题设计得这么好。第一道题汉语提示中没有‘被"字而我们应该用被动语态;第二道题汉语提示中有“被”字我们却不能用被动语态。我这个“被”字的使用设计得多妙啊!我真为我这一“被”字得意呀!”

英语老师的“牛”刚吹完,有个做第二道题出错的学生站起来一板一眼地大声说:“老师,刚才您说您为您这一‘被"字(一辈子)得意,可您知道吗?您这一‘被"子(一辈子)把我给害苦啦!(开始有人笑,因为一‘被"字和一辈子的发音一模一样。英语老师开始感到尴尬。)我讨厌您这一‘被"字(一辈子)!您不该有您这一“被”子(一辈子)呀!”

听完这位同学的话,大家全都笑得前仰后合。