书城外语英语情景应用语法教程
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第16章 宾语从句 The Object Clause

无论在汉语里面还是在英语里面,宾语都是句子里面动作的承受者,总是处于可怜的被动地位,即使形状变成一个句子,也还是宾语从句,始终摆脱不了被动的命运。可是虽然被动,地位却不容小觑。今天我们就来看看宾语从句是如何在英语句子里面发挥功效的。

15.1定义

在复合句中用作宾语的从句称为宾语从句。宾语从句的位置与陈述句基本结构中的宾语相同。宾语从句可以用作谓语动词的宾语,也可以作介词和非限定动词(动词不定式、动名词、分词)和某些形容词的宾语。

15.2语序

无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。根据关联词在从句中所担任的不同成分,其语序可分为以下4种。

1.关联词+谓语

关联词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有who,what,which 等。例如:

Could you tell me who wrote the letter, please?

你能告诉我谁写的这封信吗?

The little girl don"t know what is in her schoolbag.

这个小女孩不知道书包里有什么东西。

2.关联词+名词+谓语关联词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有whose, what, which, how many, how much等。例如:

He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.

他问我们班上谁的书法最好。

The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.

老师问我们房间里有多少人。

3.关联词+主语+谓语

关联词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有who(m),what, which, how many,how much, when, why, how, where, if/whether(在句中不充当任何成分)等。例如:

He hasn"t decided if he"ll go on a trip to Shanghai.

他还没决定是否去上海旅行。

Could you tell me where I should go with the money?

你能告诉我拿着这钱去哪儿吗?

4.关联词+名词+主语+谓语关联词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有what, which, how many, how much,how 等。例如:

Do you know which class he is in?

你知道他在哪个班吗?

She asked me if I knew whose book it was.

她问我是否知道这是谁的书。

15.3关联词

(1)当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that 引导,that 无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。例如:

He said that he could drive to Beijing by himself.

他说他会自己开车去北京。

(2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if 或whether 引导,意为“是否”。例如:

I don"t know if/whether he will marry Lucy.

我不知道他是否会和露西结婚。

但在下列情况下只能用whether。

① 在具有选择意义,又有or 或or not 时,尤其是直接与or not 连用时,往往用whether(if … or not 也可以使用)。例如:

Let me know whether/if he will come or not.(=Let me know whether or not he will come.)让我知道他是否能来。

I don"t know whether/if he does any shopping or not.(=I don"t know whether or not he doesany shopping.)

我不知道他去不去购物。

I wonder whether we stay or whether we go.

我不知道我们是去还是留。

② 在介词之后用whether。例如:

I"m interested in whether he likes history.

我关心的是他是否喜欢历史。

We"re thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.

我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。

I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.

我担心是否伤了她的感情。

③ 在不定式前用whether。例如;

He hasn"t decided whether to visit the old man.

他尚未决定是否去拜访那位老人。

I don"t know whether to go.

我不知去否。

He hasn"t decided whether to go by bus or by train.

他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。

④ whether 置于句首时,不能换为if。例如:

Whether this is true or not, I can"t say.

这是否是真的我说不上来。

⑤ 引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。例如:

Whether she will come or not is still a question.

她是否能来还是个问题。

The question is whether we can catch the bus.

问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。

⑥ 若用if 会引起歧义时,则用whether。例如:

Please let me know if you like the book.

这句话可理解为:

a.Please let me know whether you like the book.

请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。

b.If you like the book, please let me know.

你如果喜欢这本书,请告诉我。

(3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句,只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。例如:

Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?

你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗?

Lyrics & Analysis(此处有视频学习资料)

Sing: When the thorn bush turns white, that"s when I"ll come home I am going out to see what I can sow(what I can sow 作see 的宾语从句,在句中充当宾语。)

And I don"t know where I"ll go(where I"ll go 作know 的宾语从句,在句中充当宾语。)

And I don"t know what I"ll see(what I"ll see 作know 的宾语从句,在句中充当宾语。)

15.4时态

含宾语从句的复合句,主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下3点内容。

(1)如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词可根据需要选用相应的任何时态。例如:

I don"t know when he will come back.

我不知道他将何时回来。

He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.

他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。

(2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要选用过去时态,即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。例如:

The children didn"t know who he was.

孩子们不知道他是谁。

He asked his father how it happened.

他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。

(3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句用什么时态,从句时态都用一般现在时。例如:

The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

老师说地球绕着太阳转。

注意:if 和when 既可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句中意思和用法的不同。if 和when 引导宾语从句时,分别意为“是否”和“何时”,其时态应和主句时态相呼应;if 和when 引导状语从句时,意思分别为“如果,假如”和“当……时候”,当主句时态是一般将来时时,其时态用一般现在时。if 和when 常常被放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。例如:

Do you know when he will come back tomorrow?

你知道他明天什么时候回来吗?

Sorry, I don"t know.When he comes back, I"ll tell you.

对不起,不知道。当他回来时,我会告诉你。

I don"t know if he will come.

我不知道他是否会来。

He will come if it doesn"t rain.

如果不下雨,他会来的。

I.选择题。

1.The girls asked if they some food and drink with them.

A.took

B.take

C.takes

D.will take

2.Catherine said that she to Guangzhou.

A.has never gone

B.had never gone

C.has never been

D.had never been

3.The students want to know whether they dictation today.

A.had B.has

C.will have

D.are

4.She asked Linda if go and get some.

A.could she

B.she could

C.she can

D.she may

5.Linda said the moon round the earth.

A.traveled

B.has traveled

C.travels

D.had traveled

II.选择题。

1.Can you tell me you were born, Jessica?

A.who

B.what

C.when

D.that

2.I don"t know they have been to Chongqing last week.

A.what

B.if

C.when

D.where

3.I hardly understand.he has told me.

A.that

B.what

C.which

D.who

4.She didn"t know back soon.

A.whether he would be

B.if would he be

C.he will be

D.he is going to

5.I don"t know he still lives here after so many years.

A.whether

B.where

C.what

D.when

6.Do you know they listened to yesterday evening

A.what

B.when

C.why

D.how

7.He asked me told me the accident.

A.whom

B.which

C.who

D.whose

Fun Time(此处有音频学习资料)

Full Moon

When the full moons turns white, that"s when I"ll come home

I am going out to see what I can sow

And I don"t know where I"ll go

And I don"t know what I"ll see

But I"ll try not to bring it back home with me

Like the morning sun your eyes will follow me

As you watch me wander, curse the powers that be

Cause all I want is here and now but its already been and gone

Our intentions always last that bit too long

Far far away, no voices sounding

No one around me and you"re still there

Far far away, no choices passing

No time confounds me and you"re still there

In the full moons light I listen to the stream

And in between the silence hear you calling me

But I don"t know where I am and I don"t trust who I"ve been

And if I come home how will I ever leave