亲爱的同学们，英语定语从句是英语各类从句中比较常见的一种。英语中的定语从句呈右开放状，可以向右无限扩展；而汉语没有定语从句之说，作为修饰成分的定语习惯上放在被修饰词之前，呈左封闭状。下面来介绍定语从句的相关内容。
28.1定语从句概述
定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词和短语（动词不定式短语、动名词表示的）。它可以是由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、分词、不定式以及介词短语来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语、从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。那么，用从句担任的定语叫做定语从句，它一般是由关系代词或关系副词来引导的。
1.定语从句
修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词即先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。
2.关系词
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词主要有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有who， whom， which， that， whose， as。
关系副词有when， where， why。
3.关系词的作用关系词的作用是：起连接作用，引导定语从句；代替先行词并在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：
The man who was here yesterday is a painter.
昨天在这里的那个人是一名画家。（关系代词who 在从句中作主语）
This is the room where we slept during the wartime.
这就是我们在战时睡过的房间。（关系副词where 在从句中作状语）
The big room whose windows are red is mine.
那个窗户是红色的大房间是我的。（关系代词whose 在从句中作定语）
Laughter
A successful man is one who makes more money than his wife can spend.A successful woman is one who can find such a man.
成功的男人是赚的钱比老婆花得多的人，成功的女人是能找到这样的男人。
28.2限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别。
His sister who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那现在当医生的姐姐常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的姐姐）
His sister， who is now a doctor， always encourages him to go to college.
他的姐姐现在是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个姐姐）
Dialogue & Analysis（此处有视频学习资料）
Derek Jones ： The technology is the same as ours.（as 作关系代词引导定语从句，与the same 连用。）I have never seen two products which are so similar.
（which 引导定语从句，作主语。）In concept and design， there are no basic differences.None.However， I have examined the components and the XR590.
Kate Mckenna ： What is the XR590？
Derek Jones ： The XR590 is the power source which drives Dealer Dan.（which 引导定语从句，作主语。）I think it has a few weaknesses.It"s not as good.In my opinion， it"s not reliable enough for children.
Don Bradley ： Exactly how unreliable is it？
Derek Jones ： I can"t say exactly.I haven"t completed the tests yet.It"s too early to say.
Kate Mckenna ： Will it affect their sales？
Don Bradley ： Derek.
Derek Jones ： Not much in the first six months， I suppose.
Kate Mckenna ： It"s the first six months that are very important.（that引导定语从句，作主语。）
Don Bradley ： Edward， what do you think of their packaging？
Edward Green ： Well， plenty of bright colours.It"ll have a lot of impact at point of sale.
28.3关系代词引导的定语从句
1.引导定语从句的关系代词
（1）who 指人，在从句中做主语。例如：
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
踢足球的男孩是一班的。
The teacher will punish the students who did not finish their homework.
老师将惩罚那些没有完成作业的学生。
（2）whom 指人，在限制性定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。例如：
I do not want to invite those people (whom) I dislike.
我不想邀请那些我不喜欢的人。
注意：关系代词whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用who 代替，可省略。例如：
The man who/whom you met just now is my brother.
你刚才遇到的那个人是我哥哥。
（3）which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，但在限制性定语从句中做宾语时可省略。例如：
Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
大多数男孩喜欢足球这一运动。
The book (which) I am reading is about American Revolution.
我在读的是一本有关美国独立战争的书。
（4）that 常用于限制性定语从句中，既可指人，又可指物，在当代英语中多指物。that指人时，相当于who 或者whom；that 指物时，相当于which。that 既可作主语又可作宾语，做宾语时可省略。例如：
The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises to one million.
每年来这座城市观光的人达到100 万。
Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning？
我今天早上见到那个人在哪儿？
The good news (that/which) I just heard of was Mary"s being promoted to a higher position.
我刚刚听到的好消息是有关玛丽升职的事。
在大多数情况下，that 和 who，whom，which 之间可以相互替换，但在下列情形中，一般要用 that 而不用who，whom，which。
① 当先行词是anything， everything， nothing， few， all， none， little， some 等代词时，或者是由every， any， all， some， no， little， few， much 等修饰时。例如：
He dislikes everything that is old.
一切旧东西他都不喜欢。
There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
在这个世界上对他来说没有什么不可能的事情。
Any boy that is attentive and hard-working will be praised.
任何专心、刻苦的学生都将得到表扬。
There is little that I can do for you.
我能为你做的事情不多。
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who。例如：
Any man that/who has a sense of duty won"t do such a thing.
任何有责任感的人都不会做这种事。
② 当先行词被序数词修饰时。例如：
The first place that they visited in Harbin was the Sun Island.
他们在哈尔滨游玩的第一个地方就是太阳岛。
The last student that stood was John.
站着的最后一个学生是约翰。
③ 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。例如：
It was the largest map that I have ever seen.
这是我所见过的最大的地图。
She was the best leader that has ever led us.
她是领导过我们的人中最好的一位。
④ 当形容词被the very， the only， the last， the next， the same 修饰时。例如：
You are the very man that I want to see.
你正是我想见的那个人。
After the fire in his house， the old car is the only thing that he owned.
他家那场大火之后，那辆旧车是他所拥有的唯一财产了。
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who。例如：
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.
王华是我们学校唯一将要参会的人。
⑤ 当先行词前面有who， which 等疑问代词，为了避免重复时。例如：
Who is the man that is standing there？
站在那儿的那个人是谁？
Which is the hotel that was recommended to you？
哪一个是推荐给你的旅馆？
⑥ 当先行词是集体名词或既有人也有物时。例如：
I must take care of the passengers and luggage that will be sent to the station.
我必须看管好那些要被送到车站的旅客和行李。
⑦ that 常和以-ible 和-able 结尾的词一起用。例如：
There is no plan that is impossible.
没有不可能的计划。
There is no road that is impassable.
没有不通的路。
（5）as 作为关系代词，用于限制性定语从句，只能用在such， same， as 或so 的后面；用于非限制性定语从句，则代替部分主句或整个主句。as 在它引导的定语从句（限制性或非限制性）中可以充当主语、宾语和表语。
as 可以代替主句的全部或后半部分，引导非限制性定语从句时，意为“正如……”、“就像……”、“据……”。as 常见于以下这些结构：as we can see， as can be seen， as we know， as is(well) known， as may be imagined， as often happens， as has been said before， as was mentioned above， as is often the case， as/indeed it is，等等。例如：
Let"s discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us.
我们只谈和我们每个人都有关的问题吧。
The same accident as had happened to me， happened to you.
发生在我身上的事故又同样发生在你身上。
This experiment is very simple， as indeed it is.
实验非常简单，事实上也确实如此。
as 和which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句，as 和which 都可以在定语从句中做主语、宾语或代表前面整个句子。二者的区别如下。
① as 引导的从句位置灵活，可位于主句前、主句后，甚至可以切割一个主句，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as 有“正如……”、“正像……”的意思。例如：
As（不可用which）is known to all， China is a developing country.
正如我们大家所知道的，中国是一个发展中国家。
Great changes， as（不可用which）is well known， have taken place in China.
众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。
He is from the south， as（可用which）we can see from his accent.
他是个南方人，我们从他的口音就可以辨认出来。
② as 引导的从句既可指前面已经提到的情况，也可指后面将要提到的情况，而which 引导的从句只指前面提到的情况。例如：
The figure is big， as（不可用which）is shown in the following.
就像下面显示的，这数字很大。
③ as 所引导的非限制性定语从句中，如果运用的是被动语态结构，be 动词可以省略，即“as+过去分词”，而且除过去分词外，有时还可以接形容词，比如as usual 等，但which 没有此用法，be 动词不可省略。例如：
I hope all the precautions against air pollution， as（不可用which）suggested by the local government， will be seriously considered here.
我希望，正如地方政府所提议的，防止空气污染的所有措施都能在此得到认真考虑。
2.关系代词与介词的位置（1）如果关系代词whom (who) 或which和一个后面接有带介词的及物动词短语一起用，通常把介词放在关系代词的前面。例如：
The documents for which they were searching have been discovered.
他们找寻的文件已经找到了。
（2）如果介词明显是及物动词短语的一部分，介词常放在关系代词后面。例如：
This is the book which/that I am looking for.
这就是我正在找的那本书。
（3）“介词+关系代词”前可有some， any， none， both， all， neither， most， each， few 等代词或数词。例如：
His daughters， both of whom work abroad， ring him up every week.
她的两个女儿，都在国外工作，她们每周都给他打电话来。
We"ve tested three hundred types of watch， none of which is completely waterproof.
我们已经测试过300 种手表，没有一种是完全防水的。
There are forty people in our team in all， most of whom are from the Northeast.
我们队总共有四十人，大多数人来自东北。
（4）介词+which (whom)+不定式结构。例如：
There is a planet on which to live.
有一个能居住的星球。
Dialogue & Analysis（此处有视频学习资料）
W： Peter， the new year is coming.Do you have any plans？
M： Then what"s your plan？
W： First， I want to visit the place where I was born.（限制性定语从句对先行词具有限制和确定的作用，以表明先行词是某个、某些或某类特定的人或事物。在本句中，定语从句where I was born 限定了先行词the place 的范畴。）
M： OK， no problem.Then？
W： Miss Scott， who is in France（who 作关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，指人，作主语。），asked me to visit her the next year.I really want to see her， who immigrated to France many years ago.（who 作关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，指人，作主语。）
M： France！ Oh my god！ That must cost me half a year"s salary.
W： Besides， I plan to play golf twice a week， which will do my health good.（which 作关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子。）
M： It will cost me another half year"s salary.Now I know what my plan for the new year is.
W： Do you？ Then what is it？
M： Prevent you from spending so much money.
Task 1选择题。
1.- Do you know the man is talking with your father？
- Yes， he"s our headmaster.
A.he
B.who
C.which
D.whom
2.Ann asked the policeman he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.
A.with him
B.with whom
C.who
D.whom
3.All is needed is a supply of oil.
A.the thing
B.that
C.what
D.which
4.The most important thing we should pay attention to is the first thing I have said.
A.which；that
B.that；which
C.which；which
D.that；that
5.That is the day I"ll never forget.
A.which
B.on which
C.in which
D.when
6.The factory we"ll visit next week is not far from here.
A.where
B.to which
C.which
D.in which
7.They arrived at a farmhouse， in front of sat a small boy.
A.whom
B.who
C.which
D.that
8.I have bought such a watch was advertised on TV.
A.that
B.which
C.as
D.it
9.is well-known to all， too much stress can cause disease.
A.Which
B.It
C.That
D.As
10.He has made another wonderful discovery， of great importance to science and man.
A.which I think is
B.which I think it is
C.of which I think it is
D.I think which is
28.4关系副词引导的定语从句
（1）when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词为表示时间的词。例如：
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.
他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
We"ll put off the picnic until next week， when the weather may be better.
我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点儿。
（2）where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词为表示地点的词。例如：
I came to a very busy intersection where the stoplight had just turned red.
我来到一个川流不息的十字路口时，红灯刚好亮起。
Barbary was working in Aubury， where she went daily in a bus.
巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。
（3）why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词为表示原因的词。另外，why 可以省略，why 只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。例如：
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
告诉我你为什么没赶上飞机。
We don"t know the reason why he didn"t show up.
我们不知道他为什么没有来。
That"s one of the reasons (why) I asked you to come.
这就是我请你来的原因之一。
Task 2
填入适当的关系词。
1.This is the way we solved the problem.
2.Beijing is the place I was born.
3.Is this the reason he refused our offer？
4.The American soldiers rushed into the President Mansion they found those gold bars.
Dialogue & Analysis（此处有视频学习资料）
W： Dear， a present for you.
M： Great！ It must be a toy car that (which) can be assembled.（that 作关系代词引导定语从句，指物，作主语。）
W： No， it is a tool kit.
M： How beautiful this house is！
W： This is the house whose owner is a handsome man.（whose 作关系代词引导定语从句，指人，作主语。）
M： It seems you know him.
W： Yes.He is a man whose father is a kind old man（.whose 作关系代词引导定语从句，指人，作主语。）
M： You are even familiar with his father.Tell me when and where you knew this man.
W： 1975is the year when I was born.（when 作关系副词引导定语从句，表示时间，作状语。）This house is the place where I spent my childhood.（where 作关系副词引导定语从句，限定地点。）
M： Who on earth is that man？
W： This man is my uncle and the old man is my grandpa.That is the reason why (for which) I am familiar with them.（why 作关系副词引导定语从句，表示原因，作状语。）
Task 3
选择题。
1.The child parents are dead is called an orphan.
A.which B.his C.whose D.with
2.I lost a book， I can"t remember now.
A.whose title B.its title C.the title of it D.the title of that
28.5漂亮句子中展现的定语从句
下面的句子可以很好地展现定语从句。
（1）Something that he says is not consistent with something that he does.
What he says is not consistent with what he does.
言行不一致。
（2）They are looking forward to seeing something that has never been heard of before.
They are looking forward to seeing what has never been heard of before.
他们渴望知道以前从未听说过的事情。
注意：what 是先行词和关系代词的结合体，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语，主要指物，但有时也可指人。
（3）With the introduction of electric computer， there is no complicated problem but can be solved in a few hours.
With the introduction of electric computer， there is no complicated problem that cannot be solved in a few hours.
由于引入了电子计算机，没有在几个小时内解决不了的复杂问题。
注意：but 有时可用作关系代词引出否定性定语从句，意思是“that/who/whom ….not”。
（4）He often sat in the small bar drinking considerable more wine than was good for health.
他经常坐在小酒馆里喝过多的酒，这不利于身体健康。
（5）He smoked more cigarettes than was normally available.
他吸的香烟比他买的要多。
注意：than用作关系代词引导定语从句，但主句必须有比较级的字样和than前后呼应。
（6）All the students attending this school have to wear uniform.
All the students who attend this school have to wear uniform.
注意：分词短语或不定式作名词的后置定语相当于定语从句。
（7）That is Tang Taizong， who， historians believe， was one of the greatest emperors in China.
那就是唐太宗，历史学家认为，他是中国最伟大的皇帝之一。
注意：定语从句中带有插入语结构，紧跟在关系代词之后。不影响关系代词原来结构的插入语有I know， it is hoped， they are sure，等等。
（8）The firm has an agent in Sydney who deal with the Australian side of the business.
这家公司在悉尼有一个代理商，这个代理商负责处理澳大利亚方面的事务。
（9）The old man won"t live long who smokes at least three packs of cigarettes every day for20 years.
二十年中每天至少吸三包烟的那个老人不可能长寿。
注意：定语从句与其先行词分裂的现象包括在定语从句与先行词之间插入各种修饰先行词的短语；将短的谓语插到主语与其长的定语从句之间；将短的宾补插到宾语与其长的定语从句之间；等等。
（10）The handsome， well-educated man who came by the office where she worked looked like a good bet.
这位顺道到她工作办公室来的英俊的、受过良好教育的男子看上去是个挺不错的选择。
注意：定语从句的连用是指定语从句再套定语从句。
28.6定语从句的翻译（1）对于限制性定语从句通常采用合译法，译成先行词的定语，“……的……”。例如：
Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.
污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。
（2）对于非限制性定语从句通常采用分译法，译成主句的并列句。例如：
This is a college of science and technology， the students of which are trained to be engineers or scientists.
这是一所科技大学，该校的学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者。
226（3）定语从句通常翻译成状语从句。例如：
We know that a cat， whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes， can see clearly in the night.
我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比人眼能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。（原因）
There was something original， independent， and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.
这个方案富于创造性，独具一格，且很有魄力，因此他们都很喜欢。（结果）
Electronic computers， which have many advantages， cannot carry out creative work and replace man.
尽管电子计算机有许多优点，但是它们不能进行创造性工作，也不能代替人。（让步）
Men become desperate for work， any work， which will help them to keep alive their families.
人们拼命想得到工作，不管什么工作，只要能维持一家人的生活就行。（条件）
When the time came for Leopold to go out， his companion helped him fix the line that was to keep floating away from the ship.
利奥波德该出舱了，他的同伴帮他把牵引线固定好，以免飘离飞船。（目的）
Task 4
翻译下列句子。
1.You must grasp the concept of “work” which is very important in physics.
2.Copper， which is used so widely for carrying electricity， offers very little resistance.
3.The scientist， who was dog-tired， went on with the experiment.
4.For any machine whose input and output forces are known， its mechanical advantage can be calculated.
5.We have to oil the moving parts of the machine， the friction of which may thus be greatly reduced.
28.7定语从句和同位语从句的区别
（1）定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句解释说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系。例如：
The good news I just heard of was about Mary"s promotion to a higher position.
我刚刚听到的好消息是有关玛丽升职的事。（定语从句）
The truth that we failed to give him a quick response made him very angry.
我们未能及时给他答复的事实使他非常生气。（同位语从句）
（2）定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当句子成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that 引导，在句中不充当成分，句子也可以由when， where， how， why，whether， what 等词引导。例如：
The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.
我们现在面临的问题是如何筹到这么多钱。（定语从句）
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
如何筹到这么多钱这一问题很难解决。（同位语从句）
（3）翻译同位语从句时，用“这个……”、“这些……”等来连接同位语从句和其所修饰的名词；翻译定语从句时，常常用“……的……”连接被修饰的名词。例如：
We all have heard the news that he was killed in an air crash.
我们都听到了他死于空难这条消息。（同位语从句）
We all have heard the news that comes from the radio.
我们都听到了来自收音机的消息。（定语从句）
Task 5
选择题。
1.Along with the letter was his promise he would visit me this coming Christmas.
A.which
B.that
C.what
D.whether
2.Luckily， we"d brought a road map without we would have lost our way.
A.it
B.that
C.this
D.which
3.We are familiar with the idea all matter consists of atoms.
A.which
B.what
C.that
D.it
4.This is one of the best films have been shown this year.
A.that
B.what
C.which
D.where
5.The fact the carriage was warm sent him to sleep.
A.that
B.which
C.what
D.when
I.仿照例句改写下列句子。
Example： Something that he can do at the moment is to stay where he is.
What he can do at the moment is to stay where he is.
1.Something that he says is not consistent with something that he does.
2.Don"t hesitate to create something that you believe in.
3.After a night"s sleep， he forgot something that matters on the following day.
4.They are looking forward to seeing something that has never been heard of before.
5.I spent a month considering something that I"d always wanted to do.
II.选择题。
1.The place interested me most was the Children"s Palace.
A.Which
B.where
C.what
D.in which
2.Last summer we visited the West Lake， Hangzhou is famous in the world.
A.for which
B.for that
C.in which
D.what
3.Do you know the man ？
A.whom I spoke
B.to who spoke
C.I spoke to
D.that I spoke
4.This is the hotel last month.
A.which they stayed
B.at that they stayed
C.where they stayed at
D.where they stayed
5.Do you know the year the Chinese Communist Party was founded？
A.which
B.that
C.when
D.on which
6.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory we are working.
A.where
B.that
C.which
D.there
7.The pen he is writing is mine.
A.with which
B.in which
C.on which
D.by which
8.The engineer my father works is about 50 years old.
A.to whom
B.on whom
C.with which
D.with whom
9.Is there anyone in your class family is in the country？
A.who
B.who"s
C.which
D.whose
10.I"m interested in you have said.
A.all that
B.all what
C.that
D.which
11.I want to use the same dictionary was used yesterday.
A.which
B.who
C.what
D.as
12.He isn"t such a man he used to be.
A.who
B.whom
C.that
D.as
13.He is good at English， we all know.
A.that
B.as
C.whom
D.what
14.Li Ming， to the concert enjoyed it very much.
A.I went with
B.with whom I went
C.with who I went
D.I went with him
15.I don"t like as you read.
A.the novels
B.the such novels
C.such novels
D.same novels
16.He talked a lot about things and persons they remembered in the school.
A.which
B.that
C.whom
D.what
17.The letter is from my sister， is working in Beijing.
A.which
B.that
C.whom
D.who
18.In our factory there are 2，000 workers， two thirds of are women.
A.them
B.which
C.whom
D.who
19.You"re the only person I"ve ever met could do it.
A.who；/
B./；whom
C.whom；/
D./；who
20.I can never forget the day we worked together and the day we spent together.
A.when；which
B.which；when
C.what；that
D.on which；when
21.She wore a heavy fur coat in such a hot day， I found quite strange.
A.that
B.which
C.what
D.when
22.The way he looks at problems is wrong.
A.which
B.whose
C.what
D.that
23.This is the reason he didn"t come to the meeting.
A.in which
B.with which
C.that
D.for which
24.This machine， for many years， is still working perfectly.
A.after which I have looked
B.which I have looked after
C.that I have looked after
D.I have looked after
25.Can you lend me the book the other day？
A.about which you talked
B.which you talked
C.about that you talked
D.that you talked
Fun Time
Recently， I received a call from a woman who wanted to replace some chairs of dining set bought from us in the 1930s.I assured her we could help and sought the assistance of the office manager.“You"ll never believe this one，” I told the office manager.“I just got a call from a customer who bought some chairs from us in the 1930s.” Before I could finish， he interrupted and said， “Don"t tell me she hasn"t received them yet.”
最近，我接到一个妇女的电话。她20 世纪30 年代从我们这里买了一套餐厅家具，现在想来换一些椅子。我跟她说我们可以帮忙，并向部门经理提了出来。“你肯定不会相信，”我对部门经理说，“我刚接到一个顾客的电话，她在30 年代就从我们这里买了一些椅子。”我还没来得及说完，经理就打断我说：“不要告诉我她到现在还没收到货啊！”