书城外语英语情景应用语法教程
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第8章 现在完成时 The Present Perfect Tense

什么样的事情既是发生在现在,又是完成的动作?现在完成时用于一些相对于现在这个参照点已经完成或未完成但对现在有影响的事件。现在完成时到底应该如何使用呢?让我们一起来学习一下吧!

7.1现在完成时概述

1.定义

现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。

2.构成

动词的现在完成式由 has/have 加过去分词构成,即:

has/have+past participle

规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词或动词变化后加ed 构成,例如:work→worked, hope→hoped, stop→stopped, try→tried。

7.2使用现在完成时的几种情况

(1)过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,着眼于现在。例如:

She has lost her books.

她丢失了她的书。(现在的状态是她丢了书,仍然没有书。)

Some examples of language have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations.

已经有例子表明,有些语言通过文字记录被保存下来,而且还在后代中得以复兴。(过去的状态是一些语言有书面形式,完成的动作是使其保存下来并得以复兴,现在的状态是有了原先的语言。)

I have already lost the key.

我把钥匙弄丢了。(过去丢了钥匙,现在的状态是没有钥匙。)

I haven"t read that book yet.

我还没有读那本书呢。(过去没读那本书,现在的状态是不了解该书的内容。)

注意:现在完成时常与already(已经),yet(已经),just(刚刚),ever(曾经)等词连用--already 用于肯定句,yet 常用于否定句或疑问句句尾。

现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调对现在的影响。

(2)表示一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在,并可能延续下去的动作。常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如ever, never, before, up to now, still, so far, since last year, for a long time, up to present, up till now, all along, all these years, for ages, during the past/last ten years,等等。例如:

It"s the longest I"ve ever had to write.

这次我写的时间最长。

I haven"t seen her for a long time.

我很久没见到她了。

注意:现在完成时常与for, since 引导的时间短语或从句连用。

① since+时间点,例如:

He has stayed here since 5o"clock.

② since+时间段+ ago,例如:

He has stayed here since 5hours ago.

③ since+从句,例如:

She has taught English since he came here.

④ for+时间段,例如:

He has kept the book for two weeks.

(3)现在完成时属于现在时态范畴,不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, lastweek, a day ago 等。但可以和never, ever, already, yet, just(刚刚),for …, since …, in the past three years, so far(到目前为止),by now, before(以前)等连用。例如:

Have you finished your painting yet?

你已经完成你的画了吗?

I have never heard of him before.

过去我从未听说过他。

(4)在现在完成时中,某些短暂性动词(表示动作一开始便结束的动词)不能与表示一段时间的副词状语连用,如arrive, come, drive, fly, go, leave, meet, move, stay, start 等表示位置转移的动词及reach, join, end, die, find, lose, fall, jump, knock, marry, begin 等。为了表述这种意思,常用相应的延续性动词have, keep, learn, live, serve, work 等(表示状态的动词)或短语“be+名词/形容词/位置副词/介词短语”来代替短暂性动词。例如:

The meeting has been began for half an hour.(错误)

The meeting has been on for half an hour.(正确)

会议进行了半小时。

He has been joined the army for three years.(错误)

He has been in the army for three years.(正确)

他参军三年了。

与段时间连用时,常见的短暂性动词搭配及其变化(延续性动词)。

注意:短暂性动词除了可以改写为延续性动词用在现在完成时里,表示对现在造成的影响或结果,还可以用“It is+时间段+since+一般过去时句子”表示。例如:

It is three years since he joined the army.

(5)在after, as soon as, if, till, when 等引导的状语从句中,用现在完成时代替将来完成时。例如:

Let"s go home as soon as the rain has stopped.

雨一停我们就回家。

I shall go to see you when I have finished my assignment.

我写完作业就去看你。

(6)“It/This is/will be the first/last/second/third/ … time that …”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时。例如:

This is the first time I have taken pictures with my own hands.

这是我第一次亲手拍照片。

This is the first time he has asked me to marry him.

这是他第一次向我求婚。

(7)要区分have been in, have been to, have gone to 的用法。

① have been in 其实是用了延续性动词之后的变化(arrive in/get to/reach 相对应的延续性动词是be in),所以有时间段之类的词时要用它。例如:

He has been in New York for about three years.

他到纽约已经三年了。

② have been to 表示某人曾经去过某地,现在在本地,一般与短暂性动词搭配。例如:

He has already been to Tunisia, and is to go on to Morocco and Mauritania.I"ve been there before.

他已经去过突尼斯,现在正前往摩洛哥和毛里塔尼亚。我过去到过那里。

③ have gone to 表示某人去了某地或在去某地的路上,现在不在本地,也是与短暂性动词搭配。例如:

It can"t be John.He has gone to Shanghai.

那肯定不是约翰,他已经去了上海。

Task 2

I.下列句子选自电台的新闻广播,用所给动词的适当形式填空。

arrive close die leave marry stop

1.England footballers back in Britain after their match in Rome.

2.Singer Alex Haverty his long-time girlfriend Katy Bowen.

3.Charles Black, member of Parliament for East Chilbury, at the age of 57.

4.Once again, bad weather the tennis final at Wimbledon.

5.The Foreign Minister London for a two-day visit to Berlin.

6.Heavy snow hundreds of roads in Scotland.

II.完成下列句子并使其与原句意义相同。

1.The English professor arrived here about a week ago.

The English professor here for about a week.

2.Her husband started to work on the farm three hours ago.

Her husband on the farm for three hours.

3.The French musician came to China last month, and he is still here.

The French musician China for a month.

4.He joined the army in 1985.

He the army 1985.

5.He joined the League half a year ago.

He has been a League half a year.

III.用“been”和“gone”完成下列句子。

1.Jim is on holiday.He has to Italy.

2.Hello! I have just to the shops.I have bought lots of things.

3.Alice is not here at the moment.She has to the shop to get a newspaper.

4.Tom has out.He will be back in about an hour.

5.- Are you going to the bank?

- No, I have already there.

7.3现在完成时与一般过去时的比较

1.概念的差异

现在完成时表示过去的动作(或状态)对现在产生的影响和结果;一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。例如:

We haven"t seen him since last year.

我们自从去年以来一直未见到他。(现在还未见到)

We didn"t see him last year.

我们去年没见到他。(现在不一定未见到)

2.时间状语的差异

现在完成时表示从过去一直持续到现在的某个动作或状态,和与现在有关的时间状语连用;一般过去时表示过去某一特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态,与具体的过去时间状语连用。例如:

I have lived in the country for the winter.

我整个冬天一直住在乡下。(持续到现在)

I lived in the country through/for the winter.

那整个冬天我都住在乡下。(过去一段时间)

3.值得注意的问题

(1)动作发生在过去,一直持续到说话的时候,并且还在延续4c213.059时,要用现在完成时。

例如:

We have learned English for eight years.

我们学英语八年了。

(2)指过去的经历,但没有表示过去的时间状语,要用现在完成时。例如:

I have been to Beijing twice.

我去过北京两次。

(3)以when 开头的特殊疑问句,要用一般过去时。例如:

When did you lose your pen?

你什么时候丢了钢笔?

(4)just(刚刚)与现在完成时连用,just now(刚才)与一般过去时连用。例如:

The train has just gone.

火车刚刚离开。

I went to the supermarket just now.

我刚才去了超市。

(5)since 作介词,后面跟时间名词一起作状语时,句子要用现在完成时;since 作连词,引导状语从句时,主句用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。例如:

He has worked in this factory since 2003.

他自从2003年就在这家工厂工作。

I have known him since he was a child.

他还是孩子的时候,我就知道他。

(6)so far, in the last/past …与现在完成时连用。例如:

So far, we have received no news form her.

到目前为止,我们没有从她那里收到过消息。

Dialogue & Analysis(此处有视频学习资料)

Mom : Hi, I am home.It has been a long and tiring day today.(现在完成时表示到现在为止已完成或仍在持续的动作、状态,强调对现在的影响和与现在的联系。)

Tom : Where have you gone, mom? Oh, I mean where have you been, mom?[表示终止的动词(如die, go)不可用完成时表示从过去某时持续到现在的动作或状态。]

Mom : I have been to the flower market.I bought a pot of flower.(本句用have been to 表示某人去过某地但现在已经回来了。不可用have gone to。)

Tom : Mom, it has been a long day for me, too.(现在完成时表示到现在为止已完成或仍在持续的动作、状态,强调对现在的影响和与现在的联系。)

Mom : Tell me what you have done today.

Tom : I have finished all my homework.(现在完成时表示到现在为止已完成的动作,强调对现在的影响和与现在的联系,或表示经历、经验。)

Mom : Oh, good boy.And?

Tom : I have cleaned all the room.

Mom : Pretty good.And?

Tom : And I have eaten up all the food.

Mom : You must be very tired by now, I should say.Oh, my God.What have you done!(现在完成时可用来表示某种感情色彩。本句表示对所做的事不满。)

You have eaten this?(现在完成时可用来表示某种感情色彩。本句表示一种惊讶的感情。)You have ruined my precious flower.(现在完成时表示到现在为止已完成或仍在持续的动作、状态,强调对现在的影响和与现在的联系。)

Tom : But it has died(错误)for a couple of days.

Mom : What did you say?

Tom : I mean it has been dead(正确)for a couple of days.Furthermore, the flower you have mentioned is nothing but a cabbage!(现在完成时表示到现在为止已完成的动作,强调对现在的影响。)

R ole Play

Watch the video one more time, try to imitate the dialogue with your partners, andthen, show your performance to your classmates.

I.用括号内动词的适当形式完成下列句子。

1.- you clean) the room?

- Yes, we (do) that already.

- When you (do) it?

- We (do) it an hour ago.

2.- he (see) this film yet?

- Yes.

- When he (see) it?

- He (see) it last week.

3.How many times you (be) there?

4.I (read) the novel twice.It"s interesting.

5.- She (go) to Pairs, hasn"t she?

- Yes.

- How she (go) there?

- She (go) there by air.

6.So far, many countries (develop) their software programs.

7.Mr.Chen (give) up smoking last year.

8.Mr.Chen (give) up smoking since last year.

II.改错题。

1.How long have you begun to study English?

2.I have borrowed this book for two weeks.

3.The river has become very dirty since last August.

4.Our manager is away today.He has been to Guangzhou on business.

5.He has gone out for two years.