书城外语英语PARTY——域外风情
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第11章 Society and Culture社会与文化(2)

在英国,自基督教被确立为国教以来,圣诞节和受难节由于宗教的原因而成了假日(按字面意思假日即“圣日”)。有些欧洲国家的人在圣诞夜庆祝圣诞,而英国人则不同,他们在12月25日当天庆祝圣诞。英国其他的公共假日(又称“银行假日”)有:复活节(星期一),五朔节(5月1日),春季银行假日(5月份最后一个星期一),夏季银行假日(8月份最后一个星期一),节假日(12月26日)和元旦。“银行假日”一词出于1871年银行假日法案,所以被称为银行假日,因为那几天银行不营业。

节假日源于旧的习俗,这一天向雇员或零售商(如卖牛奶的人)等赠送匣装节礼,与“拳击”

运动毫不相干。如果圣诞节或节假日正好是周末,那么12月25日和26日后的那一个工作日则为银行假日。

人们通常把复活节星期一看作非官方的春季祭祀日。许多城镇都有公共露天游乐场,里面有旋转木马、投靶游戏、环滑车和别的娱乐设施。伦敦北部的汉普斯代得·希思游乐场尤为着名。过去,每逢复活节星期一,女士们就身穿新衣、头戴新帽在公园里参加庆祝游行。尽管这一风俗正在逐渐消失,但该传统却依然是妇女们添置春季衣服的好借口。

8月银行假日可能是一年中最受欢迎的节日,其原因之一是正值孩子们放假。许多人设法乘机度一个较长的周末,去海边或乡村(实际上他们在春季银行假日和复活节时也可以这样)。所以,如果能在别的时候去海边或乡村度假的话,最好别在夏季银行假日凑这个热闹,因为那时的道路交通拥挤不堪。

近年来,许多人谈及在8月和圣诞节之间再安排一个银行假日,但至今悬而未决。10月份气候通常非常宜人,是个美好的月份。由于英国的法定假日比欧洲大陆不少国家都少,许多英国人自然很乐意再增加一两个“银行假日”。

在爱尔兰,圣帕特里克节(3月17日)也是个银行假日。圣帕特里克是爱尔兰的守护神。

圣乔治是英格兰的守护神,奇怪的是圣乔治日(4月23日)在英格兰却不是公共假日,而且这一天还是享有盛名的英国人——威廉·莎士比亚的生日。不过,圣乔治旗(白底上有个红十字架)或英国国旗那一天倒是在全国各地,尤其是在英国圣公会各教堂的上空飘扬。

苏格兰的公共假日有元旦和元月2日(若元月1日或2日适逢周日则为元月3日)、受难节、五朔节,通常还有8月份第一个星期一(各地略有不同)。苏格兰人欢度除夕热闹非凡、快乐无比。

根据苏格兰传统,新年第一个跨进家门的客人应长着深色头发,因为这样的人会带来好运气。在伦敦,苏格兰人除夕午夜聚集在圣保罗教堂的台阶上高唱“美好的往日”,还有许多人聚集在皮卡迪利广场和特拉法尔加广场。除夕是欢聚的大好时光。

每当11月5日来临,许多人觉得该给家里的狗吃些镇静剂,因为有些狗听到乒乓巨响时会十分紧张不安。在英格兰,只要你家的四邻住有孩子,那么,盖伊·福克斯节之夜肯定会十分喧闹。

按照传统,11月5日这一天孩子们获准可以在一定的监护下放烟火、燃篝火,并在火上焚烧一个穿得破烂不堪的假人(即一个“盖伊”)。这个假人用旧衣服和稻草扎成,如果可能的话,头上还戴着一顶爸爸最旧的礼帽。家长们甚至允许较小的孩子呆到很晚才睡觉,这样他们就能观赏烟花在空中绽放出满天五彩火花的美景。

在盖伊·福克斯节的前几天,人们就可以看到有些孩子涂黑了脸化了妆在街上走,有时手里还推着辆小车或旧的婴儿车,车里放着一个“盖伊”。他们向路过的行人讨“一个给盖伊的便士”,有了钱之后就去买烟火。

这一风俗起源于1605年的“火药阴谋”。那一年,国王詹姆斯一世在位。由于政府采取了针对罗马天主教徒的严厉措施,某些天主教徒便密谋策划,准备在11月5日,也就是国王将宣布议会开会所有议员当然都会在场的这一天,炸毁议会大厦。密谋者租下了毗邻上议院的房子,并设法找到了通往上议院某个地窖的通道。他们在地窖里堆放了36桶火药,到时将由一个非常勇敢和冷静的人(此人即盖伊·福克斯)引爆。根据传统的说法,当其中某个密谋者写信告诫一位亲戚之后,这一秘密不幸败露。11月4日,当局对议会各个地窖进行了搜查,盖伊·福克斯被发现和逮捕。据传,在这之前盖伊已被告知密谋已经败露,但他坚定不移,仍抱一丝希望,认为或许会天赐良机能为国家除掉那些他所认为的坏人。他和同谋者都被判处了绞刑,但他视死如归。

这位信念坚定、行为或许不当的人的失败,由于11月5日孩子们的烟火而永远不为人们所遗忘。长期以来,在英语中用福克斯的教名“盖伊”指代由于衣着古怪而显得可笑的人,这不能不说是贬低了福克斯的勇气。

Friday and the Thirteenth

Friday and the Thirteenth has long been considered extremely unlucky because it has some bad associations which came from mythologymythology n.神话,tale of the Bible,and the customs and habits. According to the Bible,the Lord God created the first man,Adam.Then he took a rib from Adam,s body and out of it created the first woman,Eve. It was said that Adam was created on a Friday and it was on Friday that Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit,and on a Friday they died.

Friday was also the common day in England for executingexecutevt.执行,实行,完成,处死,制成,生效criminals ,for which it was sometimes known as Hanging Day.

From the old Norse myth people got the idea that 13 people sitting at a table to have a dinner was unlucky. And this superstitionsuperstition n.迷信was confirmed by the last supper of Christ and his disciplesdisciple n.信徒,弟子,门徒Bible tells us that Christ sat down with his 12 disciples,which made up the number 13,at the last supper when Judas,one of the 12 disciples ,sold his master for thirty pieces of silver. Christ was killed by nailing on the cross the following day on a Friday.

星期五和13

星期五和13历来被认为是非常不吉利的日子,这是从神话、圣经故事、风俗习惯产生的一些不好的联想而来的。据圣经上讲,上帝创造了第一个男人——亚当。然后,上帝从亚当身上取下一根肋骨又造了一个女人——夏娃。据说,亚当是在星期五被造出来的,他和夏娃吃禁果也在星期五,他俩死的日子也是星期五。

英国从前常常在星期五处死罪犯,因此星期五有时也叫“绞刑日”。

从挪威神话中,人们产生一种想法:13个人坐在一起聚餐是不吉利的。这种迷信被耶稣和其12个门徒的最后的晚餐加以证实。圣经上说,在最后的晚餐上,耶稣和他的12个门徒坐在一起,正好是13人。他的门徒之一——犹大,为了三十个银币而出卖了自己的老师。第二天,耶稣便被钉死在十字架上,这天碰巧是星期五。

Experiencing Scotland

Scotland is a unique and austere place,laden with history,where you can find aristocraticaristocratic adj.贵族的,贵族化的,贵族政治的 palaces and castles,as well as the traditional parades in national costumes. It has some of the most beautiful cities in Europe,a living testimonytestimony n.证词(尤指在法庭所作的),宣言,陈述of a proud and splendid past.

In order to see and discover the true soul of Scotland today,what forgedforge v.稳步前进,铸造,伪造the character of this splendid region,we have to go towards the northern regions,to the Grampian Mountains. Beautiful and unspoiled,it was difficult to farm. The Scots subduedsubdued adj.屈服的,被抑制的,柔和的,减弱的the environment with simple spades and strong arms.

The history of this ancient struggle,and its people,s ancient love affair with the hard land,is enclosed within the walls of the Angus Folk Museum. You are able to get a feel of the typical ruralrural adj.乡下的,田园的,乡村风味的,生活在农村的atmosphere of times past from the everyday artifacts displayed here.

From coastal Aberdeen in towards the interior of the Grampian Mountains there runs the Castle Trail,a road that touches on many fortresses,which are witnesses of continual revoltsrevolt v.反抗,起义,反叛,反感,厌恶against the dominion of neighboring England in Scottish history.

Perhaps the most upliftinguplift v.举起,升起,促进,振奋,提高 n.举起,情绪高涨,社会进步,道德提高 moment for Scottish autonomy is the one experienced inside this ancient abbey of Arbroath,where,in 1320; the Declaration of Independence was celebrated,at the instigationinstigation n,教唆,.鼓动,煽动of King Robert the Bruce. He carried out the plan for autonomy drawn up by the great popular hero William Wallace,to whom cinema has dedicated the wonderful film “Brave Heart”,the winner of five Oscars.

This is Glamis Castle. It is often remembered for being the residence of King Macbeth and Queen Elizabeth in her childhood. Among the most assiduousassiduous adj.勤勉的,刻苦的guests here are the inevitableinevitable adj.不可避免的,必然的 ghosts,which are nourished,if not actually created,by ancient popular beliefs. These have been handed down over the centuries by a people inclined to live with mystery,with the forces of the supernatural.

Another attraction here is a legendarylegendary n.传奇故事书,传奇文学 adj.传说中的monster: the Loch Ness Monster. Is it real or imaginary,this monster,which has been nicknamed Nessie,has collected a good 3000 sightings over the last 50 years? To fuel the debate about the monstermonster n.怪物,妖怪,and perhaps also curiosity about the lake,a price of 500,000 pounds sterlingsterling n.英国货币,标准纯银 adj.英币的,纯银制的,纯正的has been put on Nessie,s head.