Here，s a hint on diving anywhere： When you see a coral reef that is covered with living coral，thoroughly inspect it，slowly，for it will be filled with delightful sealife，in，around，under and above it-but don，t touch it. Dead coral heads and most rock rubble areas generally hold fewer species (but fascinating ones，nonetheless).
If you opt for the northerly shore route from the entry area you，ll find many caves and indentationsindentation n.缩拢，呈锯齿状，缺口，印凹痕 as you explore the underwater terrain.The lava wall is literally filled with hiding places for Kona，s famous ula(Spiney Lobster)and(although they are being overharvested)you just may glimpse one or two peeking out at you！
Only a few yards away from the shoreline you，ll notice a gradual slope of branch coral rubble. It slopes down more rapidly as you descend to over 80′ before leveling off in a sandy flat at over 100′. As you float over this ledge watch for the infamous Crown of Thorns Sea Star. This voraciousvoracious adj.狼吞虎咽的，贪婪的 critter is covered with sharp spines that can cause considerable pain when touched (so，don，t touch ，em！). At the bottom of the bay，in the sandy area，occasionally，huge Manta Rays，and often，leopard rays are seen resting on the sandy flats. We，ve seen schools of opelu here that numbered in the thousands. Sometimes these schools are so dense they actually blot out the sun，appearing as black undulating masses of unrecognizable blobs of darkness. As they draw nearer，or if you are a brave soul and go toward them，you，ll see that the “blob” is actually thousands and thousands of tiny fish.Quite an experience.
In this area always keep your eye out，to the sides，ahead，and to your rear. Too many times，as we dive，we keep looking down-and too often，several interesting sights are missed. Make it a habit to look around-you，ll be surprised at what you，ve been missing.
夏威夷的科纳海滨
科纳海滨很可能是夏威夷岛上风景最优美、海洋生物最繁多、交通最便利，也是最有意思的潜水景点。它位于火奴鲁鲁湾，美国国家历史公园的北部。
它的整个区域是夏威夷人古时的渔业或宗教礼仪场所，因此要恰当地以礼相待。请尊重这一景点的环境。由于目前常去此地潜水的人数逐渐增多，一些当地人对此表示担忧，所以请您尊重他们，不要用丢弃的垃圾以示你的来访。对你所遇的人给予恭敬的微笑，你会吃惊地发现这将使他们迷惑不解。
这里生长着丰富多彩的礁湖海洋生物，是很棒的潜水活动场所，同样也适合斯库巴潜水。这里净碧的水质可以让你清晰地观赏到各种鲜活、生动的海洋生物。在入口处有两条潜游线路。其中的一条线路直接游向公开海域，第二条线路沿着多礁的海岸向北游。如果你走第一条线路，仔细留心许多以此湾作为起航点的渔船(建议使用潜水警示浮标以防意外)。这条线路将带你穿过许多寄生着无脊椎动物和鱼类的珊瑚头及多沙水道。在海湾中央，你将看到一个活珊瑚礁，里边有无数个空隙，许多鳗鱼、蟹和各式贝壳生长在这些空隙里。注意：大绿海龟经常出现在这个奇妙的潜水点。但要记住：大绿海龟是一种濒临灭绝的受保护动物，所以，不要碰撞、抓斗或试图骑走这种珍贵的动物——以上行为如被发现，将处以100万美元的罚款，这是很不值得的，所以看看它们的样子就罢了。
潜水时请注意：当你看到一个被活珊瑚覆盖的珊瑚礁时，仔细观察一下，请轻柔些，不要碰它，因为它到处——内部、四周、下边、上边——都有可爱的海洋生物。死的珊瑚头和大多数碎石区很少生长生物（但那些奇异的生物除外）。
如果你沿第二条线路潜游，即从入口潜向北岸，在观察水下地形时，你将看到许多大的空隙及缺口（海岸线凹入处）。熔岩床是科纳带刺龙虾的藏身之地（尽管它们已被大量地捕捞），你还会发现有那么一两只正瞪大眼睛看着你！
距海岸线几码远，你会看到一个渐缓的礁石斜坡。当你潜到80分以上，在与沙平面水平即到100分之前，斜坡更加陡直。路经此处时，要小心臭名昭着的长刺海星。这种贪婪的怪物满身都是尖刺，如被刺到会产生剧烈的疼痛（所以千万不要碰它们！）。在海湾底部有沙的部分，有时你还会碰到在沙地上休息的大蝠鲼鳐和豹斑鳐。在这我们见过成群的圣海伦海，数量可达上千只。有时它们聚在一起竟然遮住了阳光，看起来像来历不明的黑斑点组成的黑色波状物。当它们接近你，或者如果你非常勇敢而靠近它们，你会发现那些“斑点”实际上是成千上万条小鱼。真是有惊无险！
在这一海域时刻注意观察你的四周，前面和后面。大多数情况下，我们边潜游边向下看，这样就会经常错过了许多有趣的景致。养成环视四周的习惯——你将为你所错过的感到惊讶！
A Tower of History
One of the oldest castles in England is still in use. It，s called the Tower of London. This castle in the heart of London rests on the shore of the Thames River.
The Tower was built in the year 1078 by order of William the Conquerorconqueror n.征服者，胜利者，who was then the king of England. Its purpose was to guard London. Sometimes it also served as the king，s home.
The Tower of London is more than one building. It includes a fortressfortress n.堡垒，要塞，a dark prison and lavish lavish adj.非常大方的，过分丰富的，浪费的 vt.浪费，滥用，慷慨给予 royal royal adj.王室的，皇家的，第一流的，高贵的 rooms. The buildings are surrounded by a moatmoat n.护城河，城壕 v.挖壕围绕 and a high stone wall.
The Tower has been the scene of many tragedies tragedy n.悲剧，惨案，悲惨，灾难. For years，royal prisoners were sent there before being executed. They were kept in a prison area called Traitor，s Gate. Lady Jane Grey was sent there before she was killed. Two young princes were murdered in the Tower.
Today the Tower holds a collection of old armorarmor n.装甲. It also is the storage place for the crowncrown n.王冠，花冠，顶 vt.加冕，顶上有，表彰，使圆满完成 jewels of England. And it，s a popular tourist attraction.
饱经沧桑的伦敦塔
这座塔是当时的英格兰国王——征服者威廉在1078年下令修建的。威廉修建这座塔是为了保护伦敦，有时国王也以它作为行宫。
伦敦塔不仅仅是一个单一的建筑物，它包括一个堡垒、一座黑暗的监狱和一些奢侈的皇家居室。这座建筑群被一条护城河和一圈很高的石墙环绕。
伦敦塔目睹了英国历史上许多悲剧。多年来，皇家囚犯在被处死前都关押在那里的一个叫做“叛国者之门”的监狱里。简·格雷夫人在被处死前就关押在那里。还有两位小王子也在伦敦塔中惨遭杀害。
英格兰最古老的一座城堡至今仍在使用着。这座城堡坐落在伦敦市中心、泰晤士河畔，它就是伦敦塔。
今天，伦敦塔里收藏着古时的盔甲及英王王冠上的珠宝，成为备受欢迎的旅游景观。
Italy-A Beautiful and Charming Land
The name “Italy” is extremely old. It seems to have been used first in documentsdocument n.公文，文件，文档，档案，文献 v.证明 of the 5th century B.C. To describe a small territory at the tip of the bootshaped peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea. Historians used to think that the name came from that of a legendarylegendary n.传奇故事书，传奇文学 adj.传说中的 king，Italo. Many other ingenious and improbable theories have been suggested to explain the origin of the name.
No matter what its originsorigin n.起源，由来，起因，出身，血统，［数］原点，the name of that small territoryTory n.保守党党员，保皇党人 adj.保守分子的 at the tip of the boot spreads，little by little，to indicate the whole peninsula. By about AD1000 the name designateddesignated 指定的，派定的 a region，a dialectdialect n.方言，语调，and a culture. But it was not until the mid19th century that the many separate nations on the peninsula were united into one nation，the nation to which the ancient name “Italy” was given.
意大利：美丽神奇之国
“意大利”这一名字极其古老。它最早被用在公元前5世纪的文件中，指延伸进地中海的靴形半岛顶端的那一小块领土。历史学家过去一直认为它取自一位传奇国王——意大洛的名字。人们还提出许多有独创性但却不大可能的理论来解释这一名字的来源。
不论其来源于何处，原来只指靴形半岛顶端那一小块领土的这一名字逐渐扩大到泛指整个半岛。大约到了公元1000年，它指一个地区，一种方言，以及一种文化。但是一直到19世纪中期，该半岛上的许多独立国家才联合成为一个国家，并以“意大利”这一古老的名字命名。