书城外语英国学生科学读本
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第39章 柔韧的软金属--铅

1.In Wales①,in Derbyshire②,and in the north of England,hills made of limestone are very common.In the cracks of this limestone we often find a beautiful silvery mineral③called galena.It ismade of lead mixed with sulphur④.

2.Minerals or stones,like galena,which contain useful metals,are known as ores.To get the lead from it,this ore is first broken down into powder and roasted in a furnace⑤at a gentle⑥heat.Then the furnace is made hotter and hotter,until the lead melts and runs off.

3.Lead is between blue and grey in colour,so we call it bluish-grey.It is so soft that it can be easily scratched with the thumb nail.If we scrape a piece of lead with a knife,the new surface is bright and shining.But in a few days it gets dim or rusts by being exposed⑦to the air.

①Wales,a country in the west of England.

②Derbyshire,one of the midland counties of England.

③Mineral,rock or metal;what is dug out of a mine.

④Sulphur,a yellow mineral substance.

⑤Furnace,a close fire-place for melting metals,etc.

⑥Gentle,gradual.

⑦Exposed,left uncovered or open.

4.Men who work with lead are called plumbers.If you watch a plumber at work,you will see how easily he bends the lead pipes,and how cleverly he hammers the sheet-lead with a mallet①,andmakes it fit into any corner.Because lead bends so easily,we call it a flexible metal.

5.Lead can be hammered or rolled out into thin sheets.Whenthe sheets are very thin,they are called lead-foil.A great deal of lead-foil is used in China,to line the chests in which tea is sent to Europe.

6.Lead is much used for making water-pipes,and for lining water-cisterns②.If the water which runs through the pipes is very soft and pure,it may dissolve a little of the lead,and make thewater poisonous.

7.But the water which comes to our houses is almost always hard water③.Now hard water soon forms a white crust on the inside of the pipe,and this crust keeps the water from touching the lead.

8.Lead is very heavy;it is much heavier than iron or copper.It is an easy metal to melt.Put some bits of sheet-lead in an iron spoon,and place the spoon on a clear fire.Soon the lead melts.Do you see the crust of dross or lead-rust on the surface?

9.Skim this off with a bit of dry wood,and pour the melted metal slowly into a pail of cold water from a height of two or three feet.The water cools the lead at once,and the metal becomes solid again.Some of the little pieces of solid lead which you will find in the pail will very likely have most curious shapes.

①Mallet,a wooden hammer.

②Cisterns,large places for holding water;tanks.

③Hard water,water that comes from springs,containing some mineral matter.

SUMMARY

Lead is a very heavy metal.It is got from an ore called galena.The ore is roasted in a furnace,and the lead melts and runs off.Lead is of a bluish-grey colour.It is used for making water-pipes and lining water-cisterns.Lead hammered into thin sheets is called lead-foil,and is used for lining tea-chests.Lead is very easily melted.Men who work with lead are called plumbers.

【中文阅读】

1.在威尔士王国、在德比郡、在英格兰的北部,有很多石灰岩构成的小山。在石灰岩的缝隙里面,我们经常能够发现一种美丽的银色矿物,叫做“方铅矿”(galena),它是硫和铅的化合物。①2.像方铅矿这样,含着有用的金属的矿物或者石头,我们叫它“矿石”,英语是ore。要想把铅从矿石里头弄出来,首先要把它碾成粉末,用不算太高的温度在熔炉里加热。然后,把熔炉烧得越来越热,最后铅就熔化了,流了出来。②3.铅的颜色介于蓝色和灰色之间,所以叫“蓝灰色”,英语是bluish-grey。铅的质地特别软,用大拇指的指甲就很容易划出痕迹。如果我们用小刀切下一块铅来,铅的断面就是闪闪发亮的。但是过了几天,暴露在空气中的断面,就会暗淡下去,生锈了。③4.加工铅的人叫“管子工”(plumber),要是你见过管子工的工作,你就会看见他很容易地弯曲铅管,巧妙地用木槌,把铅皮敲成适合任何角落的形状。因为铅可以很容易地弯曲,所以它是“柔韧性”(flexible)④很好的金属。

5.铅可以用锤子敲成,或者压成薄片儿。特别薄的薄片儿就叫做“铅箔”(lead-foil),中国就是用大量的铅箔来垫在茶叶箱里,做成“铅衬里”,把茶叶运到欧洲的。⑤6.制造水管、蓄水池的衬里,都要用很多铅。如果流过管子的水很软,很纯,就会把少量铅溶解掉,让水带有毒性。⑥7.但是流到我们屋子里的水,差不多总是硬水。硬水在管子内壁很快就会形成一层白色的水垢,水垢就不会让水接触到铅了。⑦8.铅非常沉重,比铁或铜要重得多。铅很容易熔化。把一些碎铅皮放在铁勺子里,把铁勺子放在明火旁边,铅很快就会熔化。铅皮表面那一层渣滓的硬膜--也就是铅锈,你看到了吗?⑧9.用干木头片儿把铅锈刮下来,把熔化的铅,从两三英尺的高度,慢慢倒进一桶水中。水马上就把铅冷却了,这种金属又会变回固态。在桶里找到的一些固态铅的小块,很可能是奇形怪状的。⑨译注①“德比郡”的英语是Derbyshire,是英国中部地区的一个郡。方铅矿(硫化铅)的颜色,准确地说是“深银灰色”或者“铅灰色”。它是立方体的晶体,所以汉语名字才有个“方”字。方铅矿里面经常含有银,大概因为这一点,原文才说方铅矿是“银色”的。中国的方铅矿产地,最有名的是云南金顶、广东凡口、青海锡铁山等地,铅矿则遍布全国。另外,原文还说“方铅矿是硫和铅混合在一起”,但其实不是“混合”而是“化合”。混合跟化合,是两个不一样的化学概念。在混合物里,各种成分的分子是分开的,但在化合物里,各种成分的分子融合在了一起。

②自然界中,方铅矿是铅矿石里分布最广、开采最多的,此外还有氧化铅矿等。原文中说的冶炼法,叫做“烧结焙()烧--鼓风炉熔炼法”,工艺简单,生产稳定,是最传统也最常用的。但是因为能耗太高,污染严重,人们一直在探索更好的冶炼法。

③铅在常温的干燥空气中不起变化,但在潮湿的和含有二氧化碳的空气中会发生氧化反应而生锈。

④中国读者看到这一段儿可能有点摸不着头脑:铅和管子工有什么关系呢?原来,在罗马帝国时期,铅的产量很高,与此同时,罗马又建造了很多管道供水系统,铅的质地比铁要软,比较容易加工,所以大量地用在管道上。铅的化学符号是Pb,因为铅的拉丁语是Plumbum,这个词也发展成了英语里的plumbing(管道工业)。历史上,铅和管道工业有着密不可分的关系。就全世界而言,管道工业在古罗马时期之后发展非常缓慢,直到19世纪,才在人口密集的城市逐渐普及。因为人们对铅的毒性不太了解,到了这个时候,有很多水管依然是铅做的。现代的管子工负责的,主要是水、电、煤气管道的运输、安装和维护,不一定是水管,也不再跟铅打交道了;加工铅的工业,也不再是管道工业了。现在铅的主要用途是制造铅酸蓄电池,大部分电动自行车用的都是这种电池。除此以外,铅还能做防腐材料、防辐射材料等等。

⑤这样做大概是出于铅耐腐蚀的考虑,但是可想而知,这也有可能污染茶叶。现在,茶叶箱的衬里一般是铝箔了。

⑥所谓“软水”,是水中的钙、镁化合物比较少的水。自然界中的软水有雨水、雪水,硬水有泉水、江河水和一部分地下水。这种说法不准确,铅本身是不溶于水的,但是铅的化合物却可以溶解在水里。

⑦这句话证明,当时人们还不够了解铅的毒性!后来的科学发展告诉我们,这种说法是错误的。不管水的硬度如何,铅水管和铅衬里水管,依然可能对水造成污染,所以很久以前就已经禁止用铅做水管了,也不让用含铅量很高的材料做水管。现在生产的水管,大部分都是塑料管或无缝钢管。目前国家规定,1升自来水里的铅,最多不能超过50微克。有些地方的老水管是镀锌管,依然含有铅,所以每天早上用水的时候,要先放几分钟的水,把前一天晚上留在水管中可能被污染的水放掉。这些水就不能用来做饭了。现代铅污染的主要来源是蓄电池和工业生产,包括前面提到的冶炼法。以前,含铅汽油也曾经严重污染空气,后来随着无铅汽油的大力推广,这个问题才逐渐缓解。铅污染曾经是世界各国最严重的环境问题之一,现在,中国的某些地方,铅污染依然威胁着人们的健康,特别是少年儿童的健康。要彻底解决这个问题,需要长期而艰巨的努力。希望你也为这项事业做出贡献!

⑧铅的熔点是327摄氏度,柴火温度可以达到500-600摄氏度,所以很容易熔化铅。1立方厘米的铅重11.34克,而1立方厘米的铁,重量只有7.8克。

⑨其他防止铅中毒的日常办法包括:勤洗手,勤剪指甲,吃饭要定时(空腹的时候更容易摄入铅),多吃低脂肪、高钙高铁的食物,经常清洗孩子的玩具,不要在繁忙的马路和铅加工工厂附近停留,等等。

THE SUGAR-CANE