书城外语一本书读懂消失的文明:英汉对照
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第44章 波斯波利斯——穿越宫廷之火与沙漠奇迹的波斯文明(3)

在薛西斯统治初期,宝座大厅主要用于接待军事指挥官和帝国的所有贵宾,后来这座大厅改为皇家博物馆使用。

The Tachara:Reliefs of tribute-bearing dignitaries

The Tachara, Mirror Hall or exclusive palace of Darius I is one of the interior Persepolis Palaces. The palace is made of gray stone. It was built by Darius I but only a small portion of the palace was finished under his rule, and it was completed after his death in 486 by Xerxes I, who called the house a winter palace. Artaxerxes I continued to use the palace.This palace was one of the few structures that escaped destruction in the burning of the complex by Alexander. Its ruins are immediately south of the Apadana.

Like many other parts of Persepolis, Tachara Palace has reliefs of tribute-bearing dignitaries. The Tachara, measuring 1,160 square meters , is the smallest of the palace buildings in Persepolis. Its main room is a mere 15.15m x 15.42 m (49.70 ft. x 50.59 ft.) with three rows of four columns.

The name Tachara was chosen by Darius I for his palace, the first completed structure on the Terrace before his death. It stands back to back to the Apadana and is oriented southward. The Tachara’s function, however, was more ceremonial than residential. Upon completion, it served in conjunction with the earlier south oriented entrance stairs as the Nowrouz celebration venue until the other buildings could be finished.

As the first of the palace structures on the Terrace, the Tachara was constructed of the finest quality stone. The surface was almost completely black and polished to a glossy brilliance. This surface treatment combined with the high quality stone is the reason for it being the most intact of all ruins at Persepolis today. Although its mud block walls have completely disintegrated, the enormous stone blocks of the door and window frames have survived. A complete window measuring 2.65m x 2.65m x 1.70m was carved from a single block of stone and weighed 18 tons . The door frame was fashioned from three separate monoliths and weighed 75 tons.

Darius the Great’s pride at the superb craftsmanship is evident by his ordering the following inion on all 18 niches and window frames: Frames of stone, made for the Palace of King Darius.

塔洽拉宫:向高官显贵表达敬意的浮雕

塔洽拉宫也叫镜厅,它是一座波斯室内宫殿,由大流士一世专用。此宫殿是用灰石砌成的,建于大流士一世时期,但只有一小部分宫殿是在他的统治时期完成,其余的都是在386年他死后于薛西斯一世统治期间完成的,薛西斯一世称之为冬宫。阿尔塔薛西斯一世继续使用这座宫殿。这座宫殿是在亚历山大挑起的大火中幸存下来的少数建筑之一,其遗址在阿帕达纳宫的南边。

像波斯波利斯的其他许多地区一样,塔洽拉宫也有向高官显贵表达敬意的浮雕。塔洽拉宫,面积1160平方米,是波斯波利斯最小的宫殿建筑。其主要房间宽15.15米,长15.42米,由12根柱子排成3行4列。

大流士一世选择了“塔洽拉”作为宫殿的名字,在他死之前完成了宫殿的第一个露台建筑。它面朝南,与阿帕达纳宫背对背屹立着。然而,塔洽拉宫用于仪式的功能大于居住,建成后它与早期的入口朝南的楼梯一起作为诺鲁兹节庆典场地,直到其他建筑物落成。

塔洽拉宫作为第一个露台皇宫建筑,是使用最优质的石头砌成的,建筑物表面几乎完全都是黑色,而且被打磨得光滑油亮。这种优质石材再加上表面处理,造就了如今波斯波利斯最完整的遗址。虽然宫殿的泥砖墙完全脱落,但是门窗上的巨大石块还是存留下来。宫殿有一扇完整的窗,体积是2.65 x 2.65 x 1.70立方米,那是由一整块石头砌成的,重达18吨。宫殿大门由三个独立的石柱构成,它们重达75吨。

大流士大帝对于精湛工艺的宫殿颇为自豪,所以他下令在18个壁龛和窗户框架上都刻下这样的铭文:大流士国王的皇宫,是由巨石砌成的。

Tombs of King of Kings:The final resting place of the great Kings

It is commonly accepted that Cyrus the Great was buried at Pasargadae. If it is true that the body of Cambyses II was brought home "to the Persians", his burying-place must be somewhere beside that of his father. Ctesias assumes that it was the custom for a king to prepare his own tomb during his lifetime. Hence the kings buried at Naghsh-e Rustam are probably Darius the Great, Xerxes I, Artaxerxes I and Darius II. Xerxes II, who reigned for a very short time, could scarcely have obtained so splendid a monument. The two completed graves behind Takhti Jamshid would then belong to Artaxerxes II and Artaxerxes III. The unfinished one is perhaps that of Arses of Persia, who reigned at the longest two years, or, if not his, then that of Darius III , who is one of those whose bodies are said to have been brought "to the Persians."