Computer Software
计算机软件
Most people think of software as all of the amazing application programs available today for microcomputers.But there are other forms of computer software that make it possible to use application programs.Software is the collective name for all the programs and instructions that direct a computer’s operations.
很多人认为软件就是目前微机上使用的所有令人惊奇的应用程序。但是还有一些其他形式的用以支持应用程序运行的计算机软件。软件是所有指挥计算机操作的指令和程序的统称。
Generally software can be divided into three types：system software，application software and support software.System software monitors and controls the system’s hardware.Application software performs specific tasks for the user.Support software is a series of software，which support development and maintenance of other software.
通常软件被划分成三类：系统软件、应用软件和支撑软件。系统软件负责监视和控制计算机硬件；应用软件为用户完成具体的任务；支撑软件是支撑其他软件的开发与维护的一系列软件。Software is created through the use of programming languages.
软件都是使用程序设计语言创造出来的。
The Computer Language
计算机语言
The role of a program is to deliver user’s intention to a computer and direct it to work.That is to say，a program is a dialogue tool for interacting between a man and a computer，as well as a bridge to transmit information.In general，the characters，phrases and their syntax rules for programming are generally called “programming language”.
程序的作用就是向计算机转达用户的意图，指挥计算机工作，也就是说，程序是人机对话的工具，是人与电脑交流信息的桥梁。通常，程序设计所使用的符号、短语及其语法规则通称为程序设计语言。
Programming languages are divided into three types：Machine language，which is also called an instruction system，is the only one used directly by computers.The assembler language is a kind of symbolic language.It adopted some mnemonic symbols which can show the instructional functions to present the content of the program.The high-level language is a programming language based on English.Its operators and expressions are similar to ordinary mathematical formulas.General users can easily master a high-level language and make programs in it.
程序设计语言分为机器语言、汇编语言和高级语言三类。机器语言是计算机惟一能直接使用的语言，也叫做计算机指令系统；汇编语言是一种符号语言，它采用一些能反映指令功能的助记符表达程序的内容；高级语言是一种以英文为基础的设计语言，其中的运算符和表达式都和通常的数学公式类似。一般用户也能很容易地掌握一种高级语言，并可以用它来编制程序。
Programming
程序设计
Programming is，at its simplest，the way people tell computers what to do，when to do it，and how to do it.A program is a specific set of instructions written by one or more people，which direct the action of a computer system.It may be a very simple or complicated set of instructions.It may be written by a beginning computer user or by a top computer expert.It may be written in simple English or in a language spoken only by computers.Just as writing a fiction，programming is a process of creating art.
程序设计，简单地说，就是人们告诉计算机做什么，什么时候做以及怎样做的方式。一个程序就是一组指令的集合，由一个或多人编写，用于指导计算机系统的动作。这个指令的集合可能非常简单，也可能十分复杂。它可能是一个初学计算机的用户编写的也有可能是由高级计算机专家编写的。它可以用简单的英语编写，也可以用只有计算机“说”的语言编写。如同写小说一样，程序设计也是一个艺术创造的过程。
What Is Object Oriented Programming？
何为面向对象的程序设计？
Object Oriented Programming （OOP）is a new way of approaching the job of programming that differs from traditional programming because it uses objects as data structures to enhance productivity，simplify programming，get reusability and improve software reliability.All object oriented programming languages have three characteristics in common：objects，polymorphism and inheritance.Let’s take a look at these concepts.
与传统的编程方法不同，面向对象的程序设计（OOP）是一种新的编程方法，它使用对象作为其数据结构以提高生产率，简化程序设计，获得可复用性和提高软件的可靠性。所有的面向对象的程序设计语言都具有对象、多态和继承的特点。让我们来看一下这几个概念。
Object is a data structure that contains both structured information and related operations.An object can contain other objects.In this way，the object is given both data properties and behaviors，and so object oriented programs can better reflect the real world they are trying to simulate.对象是一种数据结构。它既含有结构化的信息又含有相关的操作。一个对象可以含有另外一个对象。通过这种方式，对象被赋予数据特征和行为，因此，使用面向对象程序能够更好地反映程序欲模拟的现实世界。Polymorphism essentially means that one name can be used for several related but slightly different purposes.Inheritance is the process by which one object can acquire the properties of another object.This is important because it supports the concept of classification.多态本质上就是使用一个名字来描述几个相关但又有所区别的目的。继承就是一个对象获得另一个对象的特征的过程。这一点非常重要，因为它支持分类的概念。For example，a red delicious apple is a part of the classification apple，which in turn is a part of the fruit class，which is under the larger class food.
例如，一个美味可口的红苹果是苹果类的一员，而苹果又是水果类的一部分，再进一步，水果又是食物这更高一级类的一部分。
What Is Windows？什么是Windows？
Microsoft Windows is a software system based on graphics，which can run under MS-DOS.Like a huge shelf arranged orderly，Windows provides a user-friendly graphical interface including pop-up menus，scroll bars，dialogue boxes，icons and etc.The work under Windows seems quite comfortable and natural.So，someone says：Windows is a user’s paradise full of beautiful icons，graphics and menus.
MS Windows 是一个基于图形的软件系统，它可以运行在MS—DOS环境下，它像一个排列有序的大货架，Windows 提供了用户友好的图形接口界面，包括弹出式菜单、滚动条、对话框和图标等。在Windows 系统下工作起来轻松自如。因此有人说：“Windows 是用户的天堂，它充满了美丽的图标、画面和菜单”。
The Characteristics of Windows
Windows的特点
Windows has two evident characteristics：
Windows 有下列两个明显的特点：
（1）GUI—graphical user interface.In Windows，the computer screen is referred to as a desktop.The desktop displays all your work in rectangular areas called windows.You open a windows when you run an application and close the windows when you quit from an application program.You can easily drag a window to change its size and location with the mouse.You arrange windows on the desktop just as you move work items around on your actual desk.
GUI——图形用户界面。在Windows中，计算机的屏幕又被称为桌面。在这个桌面上，你所有的工作都被显示在一个称为窗口的矩形框里。当你运行一个应用程序时就得开一个窗口，从应用程序中退出，就关闭相应的窗口。使用鼠标，你可以很容易地拖动窗口以改变窗口的大小和位置。在桌面上排列窗口，就像你在实际的桌子上移动工作用品一样。
（2）Multitask operation.With Windows，you will find it easy to start up and work with application programs.You can run more than one application at a time，transfer information between them and switch quickly among them.
多任务操作。在Windows中，你会发现启动、运行应用程序都很简单。在某一时刻可以同时运行多个应用程序，在它们之间传递信息，在它们之间快速地切换。
Windows Modes