书城外语当英语也成为时尚——猫咪伴我行
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第25章 A Philosophical

A Philosophical Approach to a Mouse in the House

By Richard O'Mara

题记:Keep in mind that he's a peaceful underdog and even ……a family man。

It's the little things that annoy us most,someone once said。Right now I am more than annoyed by little things brownish gray,swift as a blink of the eye things。My wife shivers and shakes,and I feel a bit scattered。We are beset by mice。

We went away for two months。When we returned we met them-here,there,everywhere around us。I laid traps,with some effect。

But more appeared。

We had an exterminator come in。(such a word,“exterminator。”so Schwarze neggerish。)He found the tracks they make as they slink through the kitchen;he sprinkled his magic powder in all the nooks and crannies:the population shrank,we could tell。

But still they came on。

I made efforts to keep them at bay,stuffed every hole behind the range and refrigerator with coarse steel wool。After all that,my wife surprised one trying to eat her grapes。It disappeared under the stove。

We bought electronic machines that boasted,unequivocally,that they would drive all pests from our apartment with a mixture of ultra high frequency sounds,disconcerting to the mice。We waited to hear the scurrying and scraping,evidence of their emigration。

Our exterminator laughed,but politely。He sprinkled more powder。

We live in an old building,a place that compensates for its antiquity and sweet disintegration with its architectural splendor。It has holes on the outside of it where the little beasties can enter。Maybe that's why our neighbors in the other apartments are nearly all equipped with cats。I like cats,but mine died。

In fact,I think that cats,when compared with mice in the mind of the great public,do not fare well。People say sympathetic things about mice more readily than they do about cats。The mouse in our culture has become something of an underdog,which is a good thing to be,since all Americans profess to love the underdog,even if it's a mouse。This has been going on for some time。Think of“Mickey Mouse”and“Stuart Little”and“Tom and Jerry。”the classic animated cartoon series,as perfect examples of what I'm talking about。Jerry the mouse is cute and clever;Tom,the cat,is stupid,inept,even clumsy。(Whoever heard of a clumsy cat?)

The Scottish poet Robert Burns,it is said,owed his success to a mouse,the subject of one of his most famous poems,titled,naturally,“To a Mouse。”The verses describe a touching encounter between the poet and the rodent in the moments right after the poet,who was also a farmer,had run his plough over the mouse's nest,and put her out in“bleak December's winds。”

The poem is an apology to the“cow'rin,tim'rous beastie。”from Burns,his“earth born companion/An'fellow mortal!”It also contains,a cautionary reminder that disaster cannot always be forestalled,no matter how hard we try:

But,Mouse,you are not alone,

In proving that foresight may be in vain;

The best laid schemes of mice and men

Often go askew,

And leave us nothing but grief and pain,

Instead of promised joy!

That stanza is a modern English verion of the 1785 poem,translated by James Dunbar McPherson,a Burns devotee and scholar,literally since his early youth,and later a teacher of mathematics at George Washington University。

Mr。McPherson lives in the Maryland countryside in a house occasionally visited by field mice。He displays little of the sympathy for the breed that Burns felt。“I just kill them。”he says。

Where Burns was sympathetic and philosophical toward the mouse,the late Joseph Wood Krutch,famous American naturalist of some decades back,was his admirer and fierce defender。Some 50 odd years ago he enumerated the rodent's high qualities in an essay for the Virginia Quarterly Review,titled,“Mice:A Dispassionate View。”

Ha!It was more a eulogy than anything else,though one based on a careful study of the communal life of these diminutive creatures。

They love their children,he wrote。“Father will curl up with the babies when the mother leaves them for a few minutes。”

They are“fanatically clean。”he continued,“washing themselves and their young with exactly the same gestures a cat uses。”

They are fun loving,never aggressive。“No feet walk more persistently in the paths of peace than the feet of the mouse。”Krutch writes,anthropomorphically。A model of virtue and good intention they are indeed,but not exactly blessed by nature。

They live-if they can avoid being eaten by“cats,skunks,weasels,snakes,owls,hawks,crows,and even foxes” no longer than two years,and with that array of predators searching them out,most mice don't last that long。Their only advantage,that which keeps the species going,is“the astounding and precocious fertility which is,from nature's standpoint,just as good。”

With all these favorable references from distinguished humans,it is not easy to work up a case against the mouse。So I expect they will remain with us,an affliction that matches their size。

Yet there are compensations:Long ago,maybe 2,000 years,the late and respected naturalist,Pliny the Elder,observed that,“when a building is about to fall down,all the mice dessert it。”

Which suggests that nature has assigned a purpose to the mouse other than that of satisfying the appetites of its fellow creatures,feathered and furred。The mouse serves in a way similar to that of the canary in the coal mine,a first responder to imminent disaster。As I said above,ours is truly a venerable building and,well,you never can tell……

I find it good to know all this,and am ready to accept the myriad virtues of the little critter who,though in diminished numbers,still cowers behind our stove。

Still,I think I'll be getting another cat to make sure he stays there。

题记:要时刻记着它只不过是安安静静的弱者,甚至很爱家。

有人曾经说过:最让人烦恼的总是一些小东西。眼下我被老鼠——这些长着棕灰色毛的、速度快得眨眼就不见了的小东西烦得无以言表。因为它们,我妻子害怕得战栗、发抖,我也整天精神恍惚,我们被一群老鼠所困扰。

我们曾出门两个月,回来的时候发现老鼠这儿也有,那儿也有,反正我们周围到处都有。我在家里放了鼠夹,才有了一些收效。

可是,更多的老鼠出现在我家里。

我们请来了职业灭鼠师(“灭鼠师”这个词非常施瓦辛格化。注:exterminator和施瓦辛格主演的电影Terminator《终结者》意思相近)。他发现了老鼠从厨房逃走时留下的痕迹,就在房间里所有的犄角旮旯喷上了他带来的药粉。我们应该说这种药粉很神奇,很有效果,因为老鼠的数量大大减少了。

然而还是会有老鼠出现。

为了赶走老鼠,我费尽心机:用粗糙的钢丝绒堵住炉灶、冰箱后面的每一个洞洞孔孔。之后,我妻子还是又发现了一只老鼠。这家伙正想方设法地要吃她买回家的葡萄,一惊之下,老鼠消失在了炉子后面。

只好再想办法。这次我们买来了一种电子用具。上面明确地说,这种东西凭借超高频的混合音响的作用,可以把所有的害虫从家里赶出去,连老鼠也会惊慌逃窜。我们期待着,盼望听到老鼠四散奔逃时磕磕碰碰的声音。

我们请的灭鼠师笑了,不过笑得很有礼貌。接着他又喷了更多药粉。

我们居住的公寓是一座很旧的建筑,非常古老,墙面剥落,但却看起来仍旧辉煌、壮观、典雅,堪称建筑精品。外墙上有不少小孔小洞,小老鼠正是由这些地方进入内室的。公寓里的邻居们几乎家家养有猫,原因就在这儿吧。我本人很喜欢猫,但我养的猫死掉了。

事实上我认为,与大众观念里的老鼠相比,猫的命并没有那么好。人们更容易同情老鼠,而不是猫。在我们的文化里,老鼠已经被当做弱者看待了,这是好事。因为所有的美国人都旗帜鲜明地声称自己支持弱势群体,即便这弱者是老鼠。这种现象已然存在了一段时间了。想想《米老鼠》《精灵鼠小弟》和《汤姆和杰瑞》这些经典动画片系列吧,这都是可以说明我观点的绝佳的例子。《汤姆和杰瑞》里的老鼠叫杰瑞,又可爱又聪明,而里面的猫叫汤姆,却又笨又傻又无能。(有听说过笨猫的人吗?)

据说苏格兰诗人罗伯特·彭斯的成功就在于一只老鼠。当然了,所谓的老鼠是诗人诗里的主人公,这首诗是他名作当中的一首,名字就叫《致田鼠》。这首诗描绘了诗人和一只田鼠之间动人的相遇。当时,正在田里耕地的诗人,无意间犁到了老鼠的窝,从而将她暴露在“十二月阴冷的风中”。

这首诗是对如此“胆小、羞怯”的老鼠的忏悔(这些说法是彭斯的原话),老鼠是他“尘世的伴侣/同胞”。诗里,诗人还小心翼翼地提示:有时不管我们花费多大的力气,都预防不了灾难。

然而,你不是孤独地,

向世界证明预见是白费心机;

计划、方案,任凭你精心设计

总会事与愿违,

留给我们的总是只有悲伤、痛苦,

而不是当初预想的快乐!

上面的诗节是1785年彭斯所著的这首《致田鼠》的现代英译版,由詹姆斯·邓巴·麦克菲尔逊翻译。不夸张地说,此人从青年早期起就是彭斯诗歌狂热的爱好者和研究者,后来他成了华盛顿大学的数学教师。

詹姆斯·邓巴·麦克菲尔逊先生住在马里兰州的乡村,他家的房子时不时会有田鼠光顾。他对老鼠少有同情,这一点与彭斯不同。“没说的,看到老鼠我就把它打死”,他道。

对老鼠,彭斯既表示同情,又可以站在哲学家的高度来看待。而已故的约瑟夫·伍德·克鲁奇,几十年前美国著名的自然主义者,却是狂热地崇拜,坚决地维护它们。大约50年前,他在一篇为《弗吉尼亚评论季刊》所写的文章里历数了这种动物的美好品质。文章的标题是《老鼠:客观冷静地看待》。虽然这篇文章以对这些小动物群居生活的详细研究为基础,却堪称是对老鼠的赞歌。

老鼠爱孩子,他写道:“雌鼠哪怕只离开一小会儿,雄鼠也会赶紧和幼鼠依偎在一起。”

老鼠“特别爱干净”,他又写道,“它们用几乎和猫一样的姿势给自己及幼仔洗澡。”

老鼠爱好玩乐,从不攻击他人。“在和平的道路上,什么动物也不如老鼠那样走得坚决。”克鲁奇用拟人化的语言写道。老鼠确实是美德和善良的典范,但并非天性如此。

如果老鼠能躲过猫、臭鼬、黄鼠狼、蛇、猫头鹰、老鹰、乌鸦,还有狐狸等天敌的进攻,寿命一般不会超过两年。但是因为有上述一系列捕食者都想把它们找出来吃掉,大多数老鼠不会活到两年。唯一能使它们代代相续的优势,就是“老鼠惊人的、而且早熟的繁殖能力。这从自然界生存规律的角度看,是有道理的。”

有这么多的知名人士对老鼠进行赞赏,想要谴责它们可不是容易的事。因此我期待老鼠能留下,和我们在一起。这种想法是一种烦恼,老鼠的数量有多少,我的烦恼就有多大。

但我们会得到补偿。很久以前,也许2000年前吧,已故的受人爱戴的自然主义者老普林尼就得出了结论:“如果房子要倒塌,所有的老鼠都会弃之而去。”

他的说法暗示我们,大自然除了赋予老鼠满足别的鸟兽食欲的能力以外,还给了它们生存的另一种理由。在某种程度上,老鼠的作用就相当于煤矿里的金丝雀,后者会首先感知到即将发生的灾难。正像我在上面说过的那样,我们所住的公寓楼是一座旧建筑,既然这样,你永远也说不清……

我觉得知道了这一切太好了,而且我也做好准备去接受老鼠的种种美德。虽然数量大大减少,这些老鼠还是躲在我们的炉灶后面,伺机出动。

我仍然觉得我会再养一只猫来对付躲在家里的老鼠。

鹦鹉学舌

本文写作时间为2008年5月9日,作者Richard O'Mara(理查德·奥马拉)是The Christian Science Monitor《基督教科学箴言报》的一名记者。《基督教科学箴言报》是美国的一份国际性日报,每周一至周五出版,由基督教科学会创始人玛丽·贝克·埃迪于1908年创立,总部位于波士顿市中心,在一座古老的基督教教堂旁边教会图书馆的大楼里。创始人埃迪定下的办报方针是“不伤害任何人,帮助所有人”。

在美国为数不多的有影响力的报纸中,《基督教科学箴言报》是很独特的一份报纸。它每天只有20版,而且几乎都是政治、经济方面的严肃新闻,就连报纸也只有1/4开,比各大报小一号。然而,就是这样一份看上去薄薄的报纸,却是美国白宫、国会领导人和高等学校、研究机构学者的必读之物。

莺声燕语

Background Knowledge

苏格兰诗人彭斯

Robert Burns(罗伯特·彭斯),英国诗人。1759年1月25日生于苏格兰艾尔郡阿洛韦镇的一个佃农家庭,1796年7月21日卒于邓弗里斯。自幼家境贫寒,未受过正规教育,靠自学获得多方面的知识。彭斯的诗歌作品多使用苏格兰方言,并多为抒情短诗,如歌颂爱情的名篇A RED RED ROSE《一朵红红的玫瑰》和抒发爱国热情的《苏格兰人》等。

彭斯最优秀的诗歌作品产生于1785~1790年,收集在诗集《主要以苏格兰方言而写的诗》中。诗集使彭斯一举成名,被称为天才的农夫。后应邀到爱丁堡,出入于上流社会的显贵中间。后来返回故乡务农。一度到苏格兰北部高原地区游历,后来当了税务官,一边任职一边创作。

他还创作了不少讽刺诗(如《威利长老的祈祷》)、诗札(如《致拉布雷克书》)和叙事诗(如《两只狗》和《快活的乞丐》)。彭斯富有敏锐的幽默感。对苏格兰乡村生活的生动描写使他的诗歌作品具有民族特色和艺术魅力。

罗伯特·彭斯在英国文学史上占有特殊重要的地位,他复活并丰富了苏格兰民歌;他的诗歌富有音乐性,可以歌唱。

牛角挂书

New Words

underdog n。1)斗败了的狗2)(竞争中的)失败者;处于劣势的一方

3)受迫害者

myriad adj。无数的;种种的n。无数,极大数量;无数的人或物

critter n。[方][谑]家畜;马;牛;[贬]人

precocious adj。早熟的;过早发育的

exterminator n。根除者;(美)灭鼠药;(美)职业的消灭害虫者

eulogy n。颂词,颂扬

skunk n。臭鼬鼠,其皮毛,讨厌鬼v。使惨败,给对方吃零鸭蛋

weasel n。鼬鼠,狡猾的人

T

猴老师有话说

est Yourself

1.你能说出文中keep……at bay这个短语的意思吗?

2.说出下列句子中put out分别是什么意思。

1)If you can't be quiet,I'll put you out。

2)Please put the light out when you leave the room。

3)Banks are putting out more and more money to people who will buy houses。

4)Will it put you out if I bring another guest?

5)I hope we're not putting you out by coming here today。

6)The government has put out a statement denying these rumours。

7)The company puts out 2,000 computers every month。

8)We thought the tree was dead,but it put out new branches again this spring。

Keys:

1.控制,牵制

2.1)撵走,赶走,逐出;开除;使(球员等)退场

2)熄灭;扑灭;关掉

3)[美国英语]花钱;贷(款)给某人

4)使不安,使担忧;使迷惑;使困惑

5)使(某人)不便

6)出版,发行;公布,发布,发表;广播

7)生产(分配);供应

8)(植物)生出,长出(嫩芽、花、叶等)