书城外语英语语篇语法概论
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第29章 英语语篇写作图式与技术(5)

1.show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below.

2.give a specific example.

3.give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)

例3 2007 CET真题作文

Directions:

In this section you are allowed to write a letter in reply to a friend's requiry about applying for your college or university.You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese blow:

1.建议报考的专业和理由;

2.报考专业的基本条件;

3.应当如何备考。

从上述几个暗示题目型议论文的directions可以看出,暗示题目型议论文实际上已经对议论文的文本结构、内容等都有了明确的规定和限制。写作者所要做的仅仅是按directions所要求的那样,一步一步地把directions中所要求的逐个条款完成就行了。作文要求中的directions实际上在相当程度上暗示或规定了作文的格式、展开方式以及作文的基本的信息结构。

因此,从这种角度来讲,在暗示题目型作文写作中,在相当程序上降低了写作的难度,相对而言大大地降低了文章整体布局的难度。另外,还提供了写作内容方面的材料支撑。尽管暗示题目型议论文的写作仍需写作者自己去审题立意,确定文章的主题,但相比之下,这种类型的议论文写作仍不失为一种较简单的写作类型。写作者不至于像在其他类型的议论文写作中那样,文章内容的结构全得依靠自己去动脑筋。

所以,暗示题目型作文也可以称为任务型作文。directions里面所要求的更多的是体现出一些具体的写作任务,诸如写什么,怎么写,先写什么,后写什么等。可见,这种任务型作文,在大大地降低了写作难度的同时,还大大地减少了写作者出现大的写作偏差的可能性。但尽管如此,这种类型的作文仍然能考测出写作者的作文写作水平:一方面,写作者的文本思想立意水平;另一方面,文本本身的语句、段落、篇章整体等的构建水平和能力。

暗示题目型议论文的各个具体作文会有一些具体的要求。不同作文会有一定细微程度上的不同要求,但是,在总体上,暗示题目型议论文大致包含两项必不可少的组成部分:一是作者对所给材料的理解说明,二是,作者建立在材料理解基础上的评论和观点阐发。这两点基本要求可以说是这种类型议论文写作的共同特点。

通常,对材料的理解说明和建立在材料理解基础上的评论和观点阐发这两个部分就是这类型议论文的主体构成。另外,从文章的通常结构完整的考虑,再最后加上一个结尾,就是整个文章的基本构成模式。而结尾,又通常是对议论的主题的重述、强调、引申、展望、建议等。

暗示题目型议论文的常见结构模型:

Part 1 给定材料的理解或说明材料基本含义

材料的理解或说明1

材料的理解或说明2

……

Part 2 基于材料的理解或说明的议论和阐明

支撑论点1

支撑论点2

……

Part 3 结尾

(二)描写文展开图式及技术

有人把作文中的描写比作是用文字勾勒图画,这个比喻十分的贴切,可以说是道出了描写的本质。用线条和色彩绘画是直接地向看画人展示所绘之物的形象,而作文中的描写则是通过文字间接地向文章阅读者展示所绘之物的形象。写作中的描写与绘画都是建立在作者对所绘和所描写对象的感觉观察结果基础上的。二者的目的都是为了在读者心目中塑造某一对象的鲜明形象,并试图以此感染读者并留下深刻的印象。

在描写中,作者为了达到感染读者并让读者对所描写对象留下深刻印象的目的,会尽可能地选择所描写对象的最突出或最典型的特征或作者自己的亲身心理感受而加以描写,并将这些特征和感受有效地组合在一起而呈示给读者。描写的最高境界就是要让读者对描写对象有身临其境的感受。

描写的最终目的是让读者形成一个对所写对象的一个总体印象。总体印象之于描写文就好似主题思想之于议论文。因此,在描写文中,作者应紧扣总体印象进行描写,所选择的描写对象的特征、特点、细节应始终围绕或服务于总体印象的形成。在描写文中,总体印象的产生是依赖于各个具体印象烘托和支撑而形成的。因此,在描写文的写作中,也需像写议论文的程序步骤一样,首先应对主体印象进行分解,形成描写文的框架建构,然后再将描写文的框架展开为成形的具体文本。如图7-7所示是描写文的一个一般展开模型。

描写对象——题目

总体印象——主题

印象1——支撑印象

印象2——支撑印象

印象3——支撑印象

……

结尾

描写文的展开方式除了采用常用的诸如时间、空间、演绎等语义逻辑展开方式外,通常会采用信息组合方式展开进行描写。描写文的信息组合展开模式常常有时空信息组合、动静信息组合、多感官信息组合、多侧面信息组合、多视角信息组合、宏观与细微信息组合,如图7-8所示。

根据描写的对象类别,描写可大致分为景物描写、人物描写和心理描写三大类,其中景物描写又可分为场景描写和物件描写两个小类。景物描写中的景物常常是人们描写的对象,景物可以是地点和情景、景色/风景或某一具体的物件对象。

正如绘画一样,不同的人对同一绘画对象往往会画出不同的图画出来,原因在于不同的人对同一事物会有不同的观察结果和不同的感觉知觉。同样,在描写中,不同的作者也往往会对同一描写对象给出不同的描写,其原因在于不同作者不同的心理背景导致他们对描写对象具有不同的认知而采取不同的观察侧重点。然而,描写具有其自身的规律和特点,那就是描写中所要表现出的总体印象是建立在特定作者对特定对象所获得的具体个别印象的组合之上的。

下面是一篇地点场景描写文的结构模型:

The middle Eastern Bazaar(描写对象——题目)

Prosperity and peculiarity-dominant impression(主体印象)

Introduction-first and seneral impression(引入)

Part 1 One of the peculiarities of the Eastern bazaar(支撑印象1)

Supporting detail 1

Supporting detail 2

Part 2 One of the most picturesque and impressive parts of the bazaar… (支撑印象2)

Supporting detail 1

Supporting detail 2

Part 3 Perhaps the most unforgettable thing in the bazaar(支撑印象3)

Supporting detail 1

Supporting detail 2

实文范例:

The middle Eastern Bazzar

The middile Eastern bazzar takes you back hundreds-even thousands-of years.The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic-arched gateway of aged brick and stone.You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavern which extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance.Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar.The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold.The din of the stall-holders crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.

Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market.The earthen floor, beaten hard by countless feet, deadens the sound of footsteps, and the vaulted mudbrick walls and roof have hardly any sounds to echo.The shopkeepers speak in slow, measured tones, and the buyers, overwhelmed by the sepulchral atmosphere, follow suit.

One of the peculiarities of the Eastern bazaar is that shopers dealing in the same kind of goods do not scatter themselves over the bazaar, in order to avoid competition, but collect in the same area, so that purchacers can know where to find them, and so that they can form a closely knit guild against injustice or persecution.In the cloth-market, for instance, all the sellers of material for clothes, curtains, chaircovers and so on line the roadway on both sides, each open-fronted shop having a trestle table for display and shelves for storage.Bargaining is the order of the day, and veiled women move at a leisurely pace from shop to shop, selecting, pricing and doing a little preliminary bargaining before they narrow down their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down.

It is a point of honor with the customer not to let the shopkeeper guess what it is she really likes and wants until the last moment.If he does guess correctly, he will price the item high, and yield little in the bargaining.The seller, on the other hand, makes a point of protesting that tha price he is charging is depriving him of all profit, and that he is sacrifcing this because of his personal regard for the customer.Bargaining can go on the whole day, or even several days, with the customer coming and going at intervals.