书城外语英语语篇语法概论
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第31章 英语语篇写作图式与技术(7)

记叙文的要求和特征:要素完整性,清楚的时序,目的指向性。要素完整性是指记叙文应具备时间、地点、人物、事情或事件发生的背景、经过过程和结果。通常,只有提供了这六个方面的要素,才能保证读者清楚了解某一事情或事件所需要的信息要素。清楚的时序是指事情、事件发生的先后顺序要有清楚的交代。在英语记叙文写作中,清楚的时序信息传递不仅与叙述方式,如顺叙、倒叙、插叙有关,还与时间的注明及英语语句时态的运用相关。目的指向性是指记叙文的写作都具有一定的目的,如娱乐、寓意、褒扬、鞭挞、信息提供等。

记叙文的结构:根据记叙文中作者对事情和事件发生、发展顺序所采取的不同的叙述方式,记叙文可分为顺叙型记叙文、倒叙型记叙文和插叙型记叙文。

顺叙型记叙文就是按事情和事件发生、发展的顺序对事情和事件进行呈示的文本。

顺叙型记叙文的一般结构:

题目:事情或事件

Introduction(引入)

发生背景

文本主体:事情、事件的主要发展历程

情节1

情节2

情节3

……

End(结局)

记叙文的结尾常常是与写作者对记叙文的写作布局或写作规划安排以及写作记叙文的目的达成方式相关联的。

一方面,有些事情和事件本身在写作者叙述的时候并未结束,或者事情、事件本已结束,但写作者并不知道事情、事件后来的进展,因此,在记叙文中,从写作角度而言,记叙文本身的结尾并不是与记叙文中事情、事件的结尾完全一致的。事实上,如果事情、事件本身无结局或无结尾,但只要作者进行了适当的交代,那么,这个交代正好是记叙文本身的结尾。当然,也有情况是,事情和事件本身的记叙结束了,记叙文也就自然结尾了。

而另一方面,记叙文的结尾还常常是与文章的目的达成相联系的。只要记叙文的目的,如前面所提到的娱乐、寓意、信息提供、褒扬、鞭挞等目的达成了,文章也就结尾了。所以,记叙文往往随着事情和事件叙述的结束,文章也就结束,这样的结尾也十分自然,没必要去硬性地、勉强地加上一个结尾。简洁是英语写作的一个基本要素和要求。托马斯·杰弗逊有句名言,"The most valuable of all talents is that never using two words when one will do",也正是说明了简洁的重要性。

也有很多时候,写作者为了强调叙述中所反映的主题,而更加突出记叙文的表达目的,常常会借助于一个专门的结尾来达成这一目的。

倒叙型记叙文是写作者将某一事件的某一中间情节或将事件的结尾作为记叙文的引入部分而展开的记叙文。倒叙型记叙文的引入部分常常是事情和事件的最重要或最引人兴趣的情节。因此,倒叙型记叙文具有先入为主的引起读者阅读兴趣的作用。

根据记叙文不同的目的,记叙文可以分为娱乐型记叙文、寓意型记叙文、褒扬型记叙文、鞭挞型记叙文和信息提供型记叙文。记叙一件事情通常都具有一定的目的。娱乐型记叙文旨在通过叙述让人感兴趣、好奇的一件事情来带给人们快乐;寓意型记叙文在于通过叙事向人们传递某种蕴涵的道理、哲理等,从而给人以联想和思想启迪;褒扬型记叙文在于褒扬和宣传某种善行、良知或美德;而与此相反的是,鞭挞型记叙文则在于谴责某种恶行、罪恶,给人以警示;信息提供型记叙文则在于向文章的受众提供关于什么时候、什么地方发生了什么事情的信息。

另外,记叙文还可根据写作者在记叙事情和事件时所站的角度,分为第一人称型记叙文和第三人称型记叙文。在第一人称型记叙文中,作者自身就是所记叙的事情或事件的见证者或经历者,因而,这种类型记叙文让人读起来感觉真实、生动、易受感染。第三人称型记叙文中,写作者是以第三者或旁观者的身份来叙事的,因此,在这种类型的记叙文中,写作文本能以多角度或全景式地展示事情或事件的发生、发展过程,能够让读者多视角了解事情和事件的真相,给人以客观的感觉。

记叙文中作者视角的选择与记叙文写作的目的之间也有一定的关系,例如娱乐型记叙文中,如果作者既可选择第一人称写作,又可选择第三人称写作时,在这种情况下,选择第一人称则更容易感染读者;而在信息提供型记叙中,如写作者选择以第三人称叙事的话,则无疑会增强信息提供的真实性和客观性。

五、英语语篇格式图式

格式是语篇文本的另一重要的文本特征定位要素。正如前面所讨论的,我们可以从任何一篇英语文本实体找出它的相应的格式结构,同时,一定类型的文本又具有它们相对一致的格式结构,如书信、演讲稿、简历、一般应试议论文。英语文本的格式结构主要是指文本的相对于内容而言的外在书面视觉形式,包括宏观的文本版式结构、段落分配,微观的英语字母的字体、字号大小、换行、对齐、标点符号等等。

下面是一首莎士比亚十四行诗格式:

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer's lease hatn all too short a day:

Sometime too hot the aye of heaven shines

And often is his gold complexion dimmed;

And every fair from fair sometimes declines,

By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade.

Not lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;

Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,

When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st:

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

一篇呈交给学术刊物的学术论文的一般格式:

College Curricula Design and Management

(author's name)

Abstracts: Curricula design and management are of great importance in college education.However, in our country's higher education system, the importance is often neglected theoretically and practically.This article aims to study how to improve and optimize college curricula design and management to enhance teaching efficiency through discussing the main factors and their relations involved.

Keywords: curricula design; management; improvement

1.Introduction

Colleges bear the unloadable responsibility to bring out the eligible, high-qualitative talents.Under the given social, historic and cultural circumstances and teaching hardware conditions such as lecture building and campus construction, financial investment, and so on, teaching or schooling management is undoubtedly the most important among the key factors that act on the education quality.And, in teaching or schooling management, curricula design and management are of special importance.They play an important role in determining the education and teaching quality.

However, in our country's higher education field, curricula design and management have been overlooked theoretically and practically.In theory, even some authoritative education-and- eaching-pecialized books have no chapters focused on dealing with curricula design and management.In education research academic journals, few articles take curricula design and management as their proper or particular concerns.It shows that people don't pay enough attention or awareness to the importance in curricula design.In the practical teaching management, college teaching-affairs workers seldom make their written or literal systematic documents concerning curricula design and management. And there are often quite similar curricula structures in the same deciplines of different colleges.

As a result, college curricula are often found failed to timely up-dated.It shows arbitrariness in curricula design and management.Curricula often fail to effectively target at the education and teaching goals.

This thesis attempts to discuss the main factors affecting curricula, and their relations so as to find some effective approaches to improve college English curricula design.